Analysis of Managing Employment Relations Oxford Health Care International (OHCI) Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This theory posits that employee self-satisfaction holds the key to a peaceful workplace(Bruce, 2011). Autonomy in performing their daily work is a major ingredient in achieving employee satisfaction(Bruce, 2011). The primary job of management is to create an environment in which employees derive satisfaction from their involvement with the firm(Bruce, 2011). A primary way through which management can create that kind of environment is by ensuring employees influence the way they are governed. Management should also create opportunities for employees to improve their skills. While OHCI MD would like to believe that all the company s employees enjoy the same status, something that should contribute to their satisfaction, there is evidence that the contrary is happening: employees are getting more demoralized and quitting as a result (Anon. , n. d.). As far as employee skills improvement is concerned, the company is doing virtually nothing. For instance, while the company is busy repl acing old computers with new ones, the move is not accompanied with any training. As a result, many employees struggle to use the new machines (Anon. , n. d.). Human Resource Management Theory The essence of the HRM theory of employment relations is a collaboration between managers and employees to achieve the firm s goals(Itika, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Managing Employment Relations: Oxford Health Care International (OHCI) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In the area of communication, OHCI performs poorly; in the past years, there have been only three personal letters by the two MDs addressed to staff.

The Effects Of Media On Children s Behavior - 2434 Words

Definition What is media? Defined by Oxford Dictionaries, the media is â€Å"The main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers) regarded collectively† (Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 1). The media can have a vast array of influences on children whether they are positive or negative. Research shows that despite the positive influences it also raises negative implication ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬s on children’s behaviour, habits and ways of thinking through themes such as violence and aggression, sex, substance use, eating disorders, developmental concerns and school performance. Although the media may not be the leading cause to these problems, research has proven that it is a significant factor (Strasburger, Jordan Donnerstein, 2010). Justification for the selection of this issue According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) an estimated 2.2 million children, in 2009, were reported using the internet and the percentage of children using the internet increased with age, 60% of 5-8 year olds which increases to 96% of 12-14 year olds. In 2009, coming in first, the internet was used by 85% of children for educational activities and then 69% of children used the internet for online games. 48% of 12-14 year old children visited or used social networking sites, and decreasing with age, with 11% of children aged 9-11 and 3% of children aged 5-8 using social networking sites. Source: ABS, Children’s participation in Cultural and Leisure activities, Australia,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On People1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on People Media violence impacts the physical aggression of human beings. 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Mass media positively and negatively influences beliefs, values, and expands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negativelyRead MoreMedia Violenca and Its E ffects1668 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Violence It’s Effects The lives of our youth are being ruined because of the violence in today’s media. This is the view held by many people in our society today. Many psychologists believe that violence on television, movies and other forms of media have a negative effect on children, while others believe media violence has no effect on children. The reality is that children tend to emulate the behavior that they see in the media they are exposed too. The media can have a powerful influenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior1590 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discus sed the relationship between usage of violent media and aggressive behaviors in adolescentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 Pagesviewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothing new. For more than thirty years this topic has presented itself with more than a thousand

Public Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Development. Answer: Overview Terry et al., (2000) briefly presented the research study clearly in an informative manner of the study designing, study findings that help readers to decide whether the paper is suitable for referring and reading purposes. The issue addressed in the paper is the association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. In people with long-term GER illness, the risk for carcinoma increases by 40 folds in gastric cardia and esophageal cancer. According to Karimi et al., (2014) the incidence of gastric cardia and esophagus adenocarcinoma has risen in Western Europe and United States including Sweden in recent years. Among all reasons, the study highlighted the role of GER in esophageal adenocarcinoma development. There is paucity of data that illustrates association between GER and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma as a previous study showed weaker associations, however, medical records showed occurrence of GER (Pohl et al., 2013). Moreover, several foods cause temporary reflux symptoms where relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) takes place. Therefore, the present study was aimed at determining the association between these foods with risk for esophageal adenocar cinoma or gastric cardia. The participants who were newly diagnosed with gastric cardia (n=313) or esophagus carcinoma (n=216) were eligible for the study. From Swedish population, randomly selection was done for case control subjects after the inclusion or exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 cases of cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and 815 controls. All the participants were subjected to one-to-one interviews with interviewers and a structured food frequency questionnaire was used. The questionnaire comprised of 63 beverage and food items that was used for the evaluation of dietary habits 20 years before the interview. It comprised of frequency of consumption, last daily meal, and average meal size of the seven common Swedish meals. Apart from this dietary assessment, the other exposures include reflux tertiles consisting of chocolate and time of last meal, fruit juice and reflux symptoms studied for regurgitation, heartburn or absent at the time of assessment, severity and frequency. The dieta ry assessment compared the case group with control group and studied how frequently LES relaxing foods gives rise to chronic reflux symptoms among the sufferers as compared to controls. The outcome of the exposure was that there was no association found between dietary factors that cause LES relaxation and adenocarcinoma risk of esophageal cancer and gastric cardia. This might be possible as sufferers that cause LES relaxation might avoid these foods (Sethi Richter, 2017). The outcome of exposure showed no association between LES relaxation caused by dietary factors and risk for esophageal malignancy. The study design is nationwide population-based case control study in Sweden that was studied with 250 and 185 gastric cardia and esophageal malignancy cases respectively and 815 controls. This design is a type of epidemiological observational study where two groups (case and control) groups are identified and comparison is done to identify the factors that contribute to a particular medical condition (Breslow, 2014). In the given article, case group (newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardia) and control group were compared for the identification of dietary factors that contribute to risk for gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of esophagus. The study population was a nationwide Swedish case-control study of age below 80 years who lived between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The case group participants for the study comprised of newly diagnosed patients with gastric cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The control group was selected randomly from the Swedish population register that matched gender and age among the cases. Therefore, after the exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and controls (815) were taken for the study. The main finding of the paper was that there was no association between LES-relaxing foods and chronic reflux symptoms, however, it might have happened due to avoidance of these reflux causing foods among the sufferers. Moreover, there was no association found between dietary factors associated with risk for gastric or esophagus cardia. This finding indicates that LES relaxation in dietary factors and transient GER are not associated with risk of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is no such future study implication, although previous study showed eating habits and consumption of foods with relaxed LES or temporary GER were not related with adenocarcinoma risk of gastric cardia and esophagus. However, the paper findings indicated that dietary factors associated with transient GER and LES relaxation are not related with risk of gastric cardia or esophageal malignancy. Internal validity Yes, the author has studied the confounding variables in this study that might have an outside influence changing the effect of the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the dietary factors and variable of reflux symptoms like heartburn or regurgitation are dependent on it. The results of study conducted by Terry et al., (2000) are likely to be affected by confounding variables. LES-relaxing foods associated with dietary factors were studied in the sample population; however, the subject characteristics suggested that other factors also influenced the study findings. Men were 86% and 83% of the cases and controls respectively. Among the case group, tobacco smoking was higher with gastric cardia or adenocarcinoma of oesophagus as compared to controls that had lowest history of tobacco smoking. In addition, median BMI was higher among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma in case group as compared to control group having low median BMI. Alcohol drinkin g was also more prevalent among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients as compared to controls. This illustrates that these confounding variables are likely to affect the result findings, as dietary factors are not only the variable that increases the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus or gastric cardia. Researchers in their study have mentioned these confounding variables in their study that may have damaged the internal validity of the experiment (Szklo Nieto, 2014). These third variables were no controlled or eliminated by the researchers in the study. In the study, dietary factors that affect LES-relaxation increase the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus and gastric cardia. In this dietary factors is independent variable and increased adenocarcinoma risk is the dependent variable, however, other variables like alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high median BMI are other variables that affected the dependent variable. This confounding variable may have an effect on the risk of adenocarcinoma rather than only dietary factors. The author has explicitly explained the confounding variables in their study explaining the characteristics of subjects in the results. The results are also affected by bias, as there was potential measurement error in exposure as the questionnaire comprised of questions associated with dietary habits of the participants in last two decades prior to interview (Vandenbroucke et al., 2014). The result findings were weakened by non-differential measurement error of exposure. The dietary factors were only studied in the study that fulfilled the research aim and accordingly, the questionnaire comprised of questions about reflux symptoms two decades before interview that assessed the factor with a possible latency period before cancer occurrence. There is possibly limitation of the data collection due to potential measurement error in the exposure. However, this bias was used for gathering data that is relevant to GER that was useful to detect increased risk with reflux symptoms based on severity, presence and duration (Levy Lemeshow, 2013). Looking into the issues and bias witnessed in case-control studies, there is selection, incident, sources of cases and selection of controls. The selection of cases in the study showed that there were more males than females comprised of 83% controls and 86% cases being baseline subject characteristics. Selection bias is a major problem in case control studies that depicts non-comparability between controls and cases. Cases or controls for the study are selected based on some characteristic that is exhibited related to exposure to risk factor (Fithian Hastie, 2014). In the given research study, the cases are selected who are unrepresentative of the general population producing cases. However, case control study is designed to select controls that represent population producing cases. Incident case is another bias observed in this case-control study during a particular period as the cases comprised of newly diagnosed patients with 313 and 216 gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of oeso phagus respectively studied between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The incident cases use is preferential for the researchers as recall of exposure is accurate among the newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma cases for esophagus and gastric cardia (Geneletti et al., 2013). However, it is easy to assess the temporal sequence of intervention or exposure and disease among the newly diagnosed or incident cases. Sources of cases are another issue observed in this study as the sample recruitment is also biased. In the present study, the sample is recruited from Swedish register being population based. The research study is population based nationwide case control study and it has major limitations, as it is difficult to conduct and is more expensive. The selection of controls is also biased as it is an inherent issue in case-control studies (van Rein et al., 2014). The controls used in this kind of study design are subjected to estimate the prevalence of exposure in population that give rise to cases. Hence, the control group is selected randomly from the general population that gives rise to cases. However, in practical, this condition is not possible, as the control group, selection should also be subjected to same exposure status as cases in absence of exposure and disease association (Sedgwick, 2015). For minimizing bias, controls need to be selected from a representative sample among the population from which cases are produced. The controls must have been selected from Swedish population register only as the cases. Exposure and outcome According to Bradford-Hill criteria, the stronger the association between risk factor and outcome, the relationship is likely to become causal (Boniface, Scannell Marlow, 2017). In the given study, there is no relationship between dietary factors causing LES relaxation and risk for oesophagus adenocarcinoma risk and gastric cardia. Another criterion that can be suggested is that risk occurred before exposure that cannot be plausible suggesting there is no causal association between exposure and outcome (VanderWeele et al., 2016). Moreover, there is no consistency in the findings, as the same findings are not observed among different populations. Previous findings suggested strong relationship between foods that cause LES-relaxation (dietary factors) and risk for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia, however, this study showed no association between dietary factors and adenocarcinoma risk. There is also lack of specificity of association where there is no one to one relation ship between cause and outcome. The temporal sequence of association is also not observed, as exposure did not precede outcome where the sample were already exposed to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia before studying the outcome (Marshall Galea, 2014). The study did not suggest any biological gradient association as the changes in adenocarcinoma rates did not follow corresponding exposure changes that are dietary factors being dose dependent (Vandenbroucke, Broadbent Pearce, 2016). The biological plausibility is also not explained in the study, as there was no explanation of any potential biological mechanism. The results showed no association between dietary factors causing LES relaxation associated with gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the findings suggested no association between LES relaxation and risk for gastric cardia or oesophageal malignancy. External validity External validity is another great challenge in case-control studies as it occurs due to systematic error. It is defined as the ability to generalize results to a wider population setting (Allodi Massacci, 2014). The inferences made in the cause-effect relationships from specific study that are externally valid can be generalized to the wider population (Woolcock, 2013). The results obtained in the present study cannot be generalized to other population as the samples are large obtained from single geographic location (Sweden). This is the reason that the conclusions drawn from the cause-effect relationship cannot be applied to other geographical locations. The food avoidance among the sufferers is a possible consequence that narrowed the exposure range. The reflux-promoting foods like garlic, onion and citrus may have anti-carcinogenic properties negating harmful effects of reflex symptoms. Moreover, the previous studies examined the diet factors and risk for cancers, however, the present study only comprised of few dietary aspects that caused reflux symptoms. This can be one reason that the conclusions drawn from the study cannot be generalized to the wider population. However, the present study results do not contradict the pervious results that there is a strong relationship between severity and frequency of reflux associated with risk of gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the results suggest that in the general population, reflux symptoms are not a public health issue, rather a consequence of the adenocarcinoma condition. The response rates of controls and cases are related to LES-relaxing foods that is called recall bias or differential misclassification that explain negative findings of the study. The hypotheses regarding mint, chocolate, coffee, portion size and time of last daily meal are unknown among the public and that might have elicited differential recall between control and case subjects in the study. Although, the response rates were high as compared to previous findings of dietary factors associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a high degree of differential participation in exposure could have cause bias results away or towards unity. The discussion section of the paper is explained beautifully depicting results of the study article lacking external validity, as the sample is not representative in the general population. The sample consisted of population from Sweden with self-reported recurrent reflux symptoms before interview and no considerations regarding low mean basal pressure or dyspepsia. The association between reflux producing foods with respect to gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma is not addressed properly in the study and this is the reason, it cannot be generalized into other population settings. In addition, the time of last meal before bedtime, average portion size of meal were not related to adenocarcinoma risk of oesophagus and gastric cardia. This issue is witnessed in the nationwide population case study in Sweden that are addressed in the paper. Proper explanations are given for the result findings showing no association with adenocarcinoma risk with good discussion of the strengths of the paper, however, the limitations are not addressed explicitly. References Allodi, L., Massacci, F. (2014). Comparing vulnerability severity and exploits using case-control studies.ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC),17(1), 1. Boniface, S., Scannell, J. W., Marlow, S. (2017). Evidence for the effectiveness of minimum pricing of alcohol: a systematic review and assessment using the Bradford Hill criteria for causality.BMJ open,7(5), e013497. Breslow, N. E. (2014). Case-control studies. InHandbook of epidemiology(pp. 293-323). Springer New York. Fithian, W., Hastie, T. (2014). Local case-control sampling: Efficient subsampling in imbalanced data sets.Annals of statistics,42(5), 1693. Geneletti, S., Best, N., Toledano, M. B., Elliott, P., Richardson, S. (2013). Uncovering selection bias in casecontrol studies using Bayesian post?stratification.Statistics in medicine,32(15), 2555-2570. Karimi, P., Islami, F., Anandasabapathy, S., Freedman, N. D., Kamangar, F. (2014). Gastric cancer: descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and prevention.Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers,23(5), 700-713. Levy, P. S., Lemeshow, S. (2013).Sampling of populations: methods and applications. (pp 380-389) John Wiley Sons. Marshall, B. D., Galea, S. (2014). Formalizing the role of agent-based modeling in causal inference and epidemiology.American journal of epidemiology,181(2), 92-99. Pohl, H., Wrobel, K., Bojarski, C., Voderholzer, W., Sonnenberg, A., Rsch, T., Baumgart, D. C. (2013). Risk factors in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.The American journal of gastroenterology,108(2), 200-207. Sedgwick, P. (2015). Bias in observational study designs: case-control studies.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),350. Sethi, S., Richter, J. E. (2017). Diet and gastroesophageal reflux disease: role in pathogenesis and management.Current opinion in gastroenterology,33(2), 107-111. Szklo, M., Nieto, J. (2014).Epidemiology. (pp. 350-358) Jones Bartlett Publishers. Terry, P., Lagergren, J., Wolk, A., Nyrn, O. (2000). Reflux-Inducing Dietary Factors and Risk ofAdenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Nutrition and cancer, 38(2), 186-191. van Rein, N., Cannegieter, S. C., Rosendaal, F. R., Reitsma, P. H., Lijfering, W. M. (2014). Suspected survivor bias in casecontrol studies: stratify on survival time and use a negative control.Journal of clinical epidemiology,67(2), 232-235. Vandenbroucke, J. P., Broadbent, A., Pearce, N. (2016). Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach.International journal of epidemiology,45(6), 1776-1786. Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., ... STROBE Initiative. (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration.International journal of surgery,12(12), 1500-1524. VanderWeele, T. J., Hernn, M. A., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., Robins, J. M. (2016). Re: Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach.International journal of epidemiology,45(6), 2199-2200. Woolcock, M. (2013). Using case studies to explore the external validity of complexdevelopment interventions.Evaluation,19(3), 229-248.

The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a nove Essay Example For Students

The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a nove Essay The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a novel where the setting was the major factor in the plot of the story. If this had taken place in any other area, like Canada, there would not have even been as story because slavery did not exist there. Therefore the South was the prime region to have this plot revolve around. Everything contained here contributed to the actions of the characters, which will be explained in the following paragraphs. The setting was such an important influence because, like I said before, it took place down in the South. This is where slavery was at its peak and was used and abused by almost every citizen. The black race was treated harshly just because of their color. They were beaten, over-worked, and disrespected. Most of them were illiterate as well which did not help one bit. In turn they could not make intelligent decisions, better yet pursue what they wanted. Even if they had that ability though, that option was not available because they were black. We will write a custom essay on The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a nove specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The details of the setting that influenced the actions of the characters were, again, the time period and where it took place. However this was not the only thing that persuaded the characters because they influenced each other. The citizens followed the crowd and did not have their own opinions. If some persons idea differed from that of the majority, he/she would not dare speak up because they feared rejection. Legree was one of the people looked up to and respected even though what he was dong was totally wrong. Since he had power and money though, he was admired. The only three people that actually did take a stand, if you will, were George Shelby Jr., Augustine St. Clare, and his daughter, Evangeline. These three characters opposed slavery and tried to do something about it. (Unfortunately, though, the St. Clares efforts were diminished because they both died). They were the citizens that should have been looked up to and followed. Specific examples that show the settings influence on the characters were all over the book. The next three excerpts will give you an illustration of them. This first passage was at the very beginning of the book when Mr. Legree was inside of the Shelbys house, trying to make a deal on slaves. See, the Shelbys were in debt at the moment and the only way that they could make some money was to sell some of their slaves. This family was very nice indeed to their slaves and took care of them well so the last thing that they wanted to do was sell them off, but in order to keep the plantation functioning, money was needed. Therefore, Mr. Legree was going to buy ten male slaves of his choice. One out of his ten happened to be Elizas (Mrs. Shelbys housekeeper) little son, Harry. He was only buying Harry to anger Eliza because he had actually wanted her, but could not have her. This next passage describes his personality and that of the other slave traders. Lor bless ye, yes! These critters ant like white folks, you know; they gets over things, only manage right. Now, they say, said Haley, assuming a candid and confidential air, that this kind o trade is hardening to the feelings; but I never found it so. Fact is, I never could do things up the way some fellersmanage the business. Ive seen em as would p7ll a womans child out her arms, and wset him up tos ell, and she screechin like mad all the time; very bad policy damages the article makes em quite unfit for service sometimes. I knew a real handsome gal once, in Orleans, as was entirely ruined by this sort o handling. The fellow that was trading for her didnt want her handling. The fellow that was trading for her didnt want her baby; and she was one of your real high sort, when hr blood was up. I tell you, she squeezed up her child in her arms, and talked, and went on real awful. It kinder makes my blood run cold to think ont; and when they carried off the child, and

Biography of Augusto Pinochet, Chiles Military Dictator

Biography of Augusto Pinochet, Chile's Military Dictator Augusto Pinochet (November 25, 1915–December 10, 2006) was an army officer and dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. His years in power were marked by inflation, poverty, and the ruthless repression of opposition leaders. Pinochet was involved in Operation Condor, a cooperative effort by several South American governments to remove leftist opposition leaders, often by murder. Several years after stepping down, he was charged with war crimes concerning his time as president but died in 2006 before being convicted on any charges. Fast Facts: Augusto Pinochet Known For: Dictator of ChileBorn: Nov. 25, 1915 in Valparaiso, ChileParents: Augusto Pinochet Vera, Avelina Ugarte MartinezDied: Dec. 10, 2006 in Santiago, ChileEducation: Chilean War AcademyPublished Works: The Crucial DaySpouse: Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guezChildren: Augusto Osvaldo, Jacqueline Marie, Lucà ­a, Marco Antonio, Marà ­a Verà ³nicaNotable Quote: Everything I did, all my actions, all of the problems I had I dedicate to God and to Chile, because I kept Chile from becoming Communist. Early Life Pinochet was born on Nov. 25, 1915, in Valparaiso, Chile to descendants of French settlers who had come to Chile more than a century before. His father was a middle-class government worker. The eldest of six children, Pinochet married Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guez in 1943 and they had five children. He entered Chilean War Academy when he turned 18  and graduated in four years as a sub-lieutenant. Military Career Begins Pinochet rose quickly through the ranks despite the fact that Chile was never at war during his military career. In fact, Pinochet never saw combat while he was in the military; the closest he came was as the commander of a detention camp for Chilean Communists. Pinochet lectured at the War Academy and wrote five  books on politics and warfare. By 1968, he was promoted to brigadier general. Pinochet and Allende In 1948, Pinochet met future President Salvador Allende, a young Chilean senator who was a socialist. Allende had come to visit the concentration camp then run by Pinochet, where many Chilean Communists were being held. In 1970, Allende was elected president, and he promoted Pinochet to be commander of the Santiago garrison. Over the next three years, Pinochet proved invaluable to Allende by helping put down opposition to Allende’s economic policies, which were devastating the nation’s economy. Allende promoted Pinochet to commander-in-chief of all Chilean armed forces in August 1973. The Coup of 1973 Allende, as it turned out, had made a grave mistake by putting his trust in Pinochet. With the people in the streets and the countrys economy in shambles, the military moved to take over the government. On Sept. 11, 1973, less than three weeks after he had been made the commander-in-chief, Pinochet directed his troops to take Santiago, the capital, and he ordered an airstrike on the presidential palace. Allende died defending the palace, and Pinochet was made part of a four-man ruling junta led by the commanders of the army, air force, police, and navy. Later, he seized absolute power. Operation Condor Pinochet and Chile were heavily involved in Operation Condor, a collaborative effort among the governments of Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay to control leftist dissidents such as the MIR, or Movement of the Revolutionary Left, in Bolivia, and the Tupamaros, a band of Marxist revolutionaries that operated in Uruguay. The effort consisted mainly of a series of kidnappings, disappearances, and assassinations of prominent opponents of the right-wing regimes in those countries. The Chilean DINA, a feared secret police force, was one of the driving organizations behind the operation. It is unknown how many people were killed during Operation Condor, but most of the estimates range well into the thousands. The Economy Pinochet’s team of U.S.-educated economists, who were known as â€Å"the Chicago Boys,† advocated lowering taxes, selling state-run businesses, and encouraging foreign investment. These reforms led to sustained growth, prompting the phrase â€Å"The Miracle of Chile.† However, the reforms also led to a decline in wages and a spike in unemployment, and there was a severe recession from 1980 to 1983. Steps Down In 1988, a nationwide referendum on Pinochet resulted in a majority of the people voting to deny him another term as their president. Elections were held in 1989 and the opposition candidate, Christian Democrat  Patricio Aylwin, was victorious. However, Pinochet’s supporters continued to hold enough influence in the Chilean parliament to block many proposed reforms. Pinochet remained in office until Aylwin was installed as president on March 11, 1990, although as an ex-president he remained a senator for life. He also kept his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Legal Troubles and Death Pinochet might have been out of the limelight, but the victims of Operation Condor did not forget about him. In October 1998, he was in the United Kingdom for medical reasons. Seizing upon his presence in a country with an extradition treaty, his opponents brought charges against him in a Spanish court in connection with the  torture  of Spanish citizens in Chile during his rule. He was charged with several counts of murder, torture, and kidnapping. The charges were dismissed in 2002 on the grounds that Pinochet, by then in his late 80s, was too unhealthy to stand trial. Further charges were brought against him in 2006, but Pinochet died on December 10 of that year in Santiago before the prosecution could proceed. Legacy   Many Chileans are divided on the topic of their former dictator. Some say they see him as a savior who rescued them from the socialist policies of Allende and who did what had to be done in a turbulent time to prevent anarchy and communism. They point to the growth of the economy under Pinochet and claim he was a patriot who loved his country. Others say he was a ruthless despot directly responsible for thousands of murders, in most cases for no more than thought crimes. They believe his economic success was not all it seemed because unemployment was high and wages were low during his rule. Regardless of these differing views, it is undeniable that Pinochet was one of the most important figures of the 20th century in South America. His involvement in Operation Condor made him the poster boy for violent dictatorship, and his actions led many in his country never to trust their government again.   Sources Dinges, John. The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents. Paperback, Reprint edition, The New Press, June 1, 2005.ï » ¿The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2018). Augusto Pinochet: President of Chile.

Central banks and monetary policy Research Paper - 1

Central banks and monetary policy - Research Paper Example The main purpose of a central bank is, briefly, to supervise a nation's currency. This is attained by setting monetary policy. Following are the five important objectives of central banks; Price Stability: The main objective of a central bank is price stability, or in other words, a stable and low rate of inflation. â€Å"Price stability is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%.The Governing Council has also clarified that, in the pursuit of price stability, it aims to maintain inflation rates below, but close to, 2% over the medium term† (The Definition of Price Stability n.d para 2). Conversely, the existing view between economists is that in the long run, given that inflation is stable and low, monetary policy only influences nominal aggregates, for instance inflation, the nominal exchange rate and nominal interest rates, and not only their long-term development levels in actual terms. In the long run monetary policy consequently controls its monetary value, which are general prices. Real Stable Growth: In the banking system of urbanized countries there is a stable connection between various interest rates. The lowest price is the one charged to banks by the central bank. â€Å"This rate is normally 1-2.5 percent higher than the rate of inflation, depending on the monetary policy stance.† (Trade and Development Report 2008 by United Nations Conference On Trade and Development 2008). In actual terms, all these rates stay close to the actual growth rate of the financial system. One of the most significant circumstances for successful growth is the growth of various sectors including, the financial sector, which cannot deviate enduringly from the growth of price added of the financial system as a whole. Financial Stability: Financial stability illustrates the situation where the financial intermediation method functions easily, and where there is assurance in the operatio n of important financial organizations and markets within the financial system. Central banks have traditionally played an important role in the management of economic crises, lending to solvent, other than illiquid organizations as a last resort, still if this role has rarely been buttressed or formalized by legal authorities. Central banks consequently have objectives that are reliable with a leading role in a special resolution regime. They can also organize tools that are already in their area (LOLR) to maintain financial stability. They can, additionally, draw on expertise in the study of financial stability, containing the significant ability to measure the crash in markets, payment methods, and the financial communications at large. Interest Rate Stability: Interest rates provide global savers a reason to transfer money from one country to another in search of the safest and the highest yields. The central bank must support interest rate stability in short term and long term maturities. The short term rates are simple enough to understand that a central bank controls the discount rate, and that it can strongly target the federal funds price. Long term rates can be straightly targeted by central banks, other than that the latter typically favor to let financial market participants perform the job and not to affect them directly by credible policies.

EMA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

EMA - Assignment Example However, the major weakness of the company is skilled labour, they are lacking professional carpenters, who re-modify the old goods or fixed the defected part of the furniture. So, HR department of the company should hire some professional workers who have capability to do this, and help to beat their competitors like IKEA. The company also should hire some professional trainers, who could train the old employees of the company. The company is also lacking a specialist to develop a good marketing strategy for the company’s benefit. The company should hire a specialist who having experience in this filed and help the company to get out through this problem. The company needs to develop some unique strategy in their all functional department so that the Raft can build a strong image into the market. The organisation culture at RAFT is very flexible. The maverick approach which they follow in designing their furniture requires them to have a casual approach towards the organisation. Mick’s realises that his company will not be the next IKEA so he is ok with the fact that they do not have a strict corporate culture. Moreover his business strictly depends on online selling he does not need a strict corporate culture in his company as long as hi products are selling. So the factor which highlights the organisation culture of RIFT is the Maverick approach of doing business. This factor has the biggest influence on the organisational culture since it can showcase the way people work in the company. Raft is dealing with reclaimed wood to make furniture, and there is might possible that the furniture may carry defects. Hence, the cost of wood for the furniture is very low than the fresh wood. Therefore, the furniture which made by the Raft is could be as sort type of used wood. So the Raft should target those customers who are