Punishment vs Rehabilitation

The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation. Deterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal justice system and it is described as special or specific deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear in the offender so that they will not commit future crime. General deterrence is based on punishing offenders to instill fear in society, otherwise known as teaching society a lesson and showing the consequences of committing a crime. Punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts. Incapacitation has been the most common form of punishment; however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to their current offense. Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the offender is confined. The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are actually deterrence to crime. There are so many underlying factors within the criminal justice system that may contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal process in death penalty cases and the length of time that an offender can sit on death row. Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Retributive theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself. This has no place in any enlightened society. The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoner’s rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimization of crime Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime. Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household. Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminal's attitude or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor a necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to remain self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer or states money to house them in a correctional facility. Prisons should be places where confinement is not easy. Parole should be a period of intense supervision as well as rehabilitative programming, i. e. , educational and vocational training, and counseling. The more defined approach for each phase of the sentence increases the effectiveness of each and also increases the likelihood of successful post prison rehabilitative efforts. By separating punishment from rehabilitation, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is enhanced since punishment is contradictory to rehabilitative activities. In addition, a two-stage sentence system would include a more uniform sentencing structure and would reduce the issue of chance which is inherent in the present parole-granting process. With the expected functions of a prison limited to punishment and incapacitation, sentences for incarcerating felons can then be addressed within terms of deterrence values. Both punishment and rehabilitation are needed if the problem of crime is to be effectively addressed. However, it is not necessary that the prison provide both of these functions simultaneously. A more logical approach involves a two-stage sentence. The prison would provide the incarceration stage and punishment of criminals. After the punitive portion of the sentence, the offender would serve a post-prison sentence of intense supervision which would provide the offender with therapeutic and remedial programs. This separation of the punitive and rehabilitative obligations would allow each segment of a sentence to be more effective, would make shorter punitive sentences more palatable to the public, and, simultaneously, would maximize the use of available cell space and resources. . Victim Impact In many cases, victim rights tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused. The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victim's rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, ignored throughout trial proceedings and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues have caused many victims to feel neglected and even re-victimized by the courts. On October 30th, 2004, The Crime Victims' Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to guarantee rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably protected from the accused offender and to receive reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the crime or of any public proceeding (De Luca 1991). The majority of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts. When a victim or the victims' family feels that their offender does not receive the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when restitution is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the ability to pay restitution through employment. Offender Impact Punishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being. When an offender is separated from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor. Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, continue working or find employment under close supervision. Social Impact upon Society The social impact of punishment and rehabilitation varies from the increasing costs of correctional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Society's view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Society's belief's in the â€Å"just desserts† theory has played a role in the courts. The push for mandatory sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. Getting tough on crime† was the basis behind different mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to society's impact on punishment versus rehabilitation. Fiscal Impact The fiscal impact that punishment has on our country is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This figure does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising cost of punishment. Privatization of corrections has been also looked at as an effort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as â€Å"boot camps† or â€Å"shock camps†. These programs are proven to be less costly than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration. The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpayers an estimated ten to thirteen thousand dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration (De Luca 1991). Conclusion Punishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. Punishing and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate sentence is issued upon an offender, it can help deter them from future criminal activity. Punishment vs Rehabilitation The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation. Deterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal justice system and it is described as special or specific deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear in the offender so that they will not commit future crime. General deterrence is based on punishing offenders to instill fear in society, otherwise known as teaching society a lesson and showing the consequences of committing a crime. Punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts. Incapacitation has been the most common form of punishment; however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to their current offense. Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the offender is confined. The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are actually deterrence to crime. There are so many underlying factors within the criminal justice system that may contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal process in death penalty cases and the length of time that an offender can sit on death row. Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Retributive theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself. This has no place in any enlightened society. The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoner’s rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimization of crime Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime. Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household. Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminal's attitude or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor a necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to remain self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer or states money to house them in a correctional facility. Prisons should be places where confinement is not easy. Parole should be a period of intense supervision as well as rehabilitative programming, i. e. , educational and vocational training, and counseling. The more defined approach for each phase of the sentence increases the effectiveness of each and also increases the likelihood of successful post prison rehabilitative efforts. By separating punishment from rehabilitation, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is enhanced since punishment is contradictory to rehabilitative activities. In addition, a two-stage sentence system would include a more uniform sentencing structure and would reduce the issue of chance which is inherent in the present parole-granting process. With the expected functions of a prison limited to punishment and incapacitation, sentences for incarcerating felons can then be addressed within terms of deterrence values. Both punishment and rehabilitation are needed if the problem of crime is to be effectively addressed. However, it is not necessary that the prison provide both of these functions simultaneously. A more logical approach involves a two-stage sentence. The prison would provide the incarceration stage and punishment of criminals. After the punitive portion of the sentence, the offender would serve a post-prison sentence of intense supervision which would provide the offender with therapeutic and remedial programs. This separation of the punitive and rehabilitative obligations would allow each segment of a sentence to be more effective, would make shorter punitive sentences more palatable to the public, and, simultaneously, would maximize the use of available cell space and resources. . Victim Impact In many cases, victim rights tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused. The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victim's rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, ignored throughout trial proceedings and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues have caused many victims to feel neglected and even re-victimized by the courts. On October 30th, 2004, The Crime Victims' Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to guarantee rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably protected from the accused offender and to receive reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the crime or of any public proceeding (De Luca 1991). The majority of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts. When a victim or the victims' family feels that their offender does not receive the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when restitution is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the ability to pay restitution through employment. Offender Impact Punishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being. When an offender is separated from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor. Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, continue working or find employment under close supervision. Social Impact upon Society The social impact of punishment and rehabilitation varies from the increasing costs of correctional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Society's view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Society's belief's in the â€Å"just desserts† theory has played a role in the courts. The push for mandatory sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. Getting tough on crime† was the basis behind different mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to society's impact on punishment versus rehabilitation. Fiscal Impact The fiscal impact that punishment has on our country is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This figure does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising cost of punishment. Privatization of corrections has been also looked at as an effort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as â€Å"boot camps† or â€Å"shock camps†. These programs are proven to be less costly than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration. The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpayers an estimated ten to thirteen thousand dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration (De Luca 1991). Conclusion Punishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. Punishing and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate sentence is issued upon an offender, it can help deter them from future criminal activity.

Reflection on a business education course

Contemplation harmonizing to Walker E. S ( 2006 ) P 216 has been defined as â€Å" a procedure sing believing about and researching an issue of concern, which is triggered by an experience † . This merely means that for there to be a contemplation, there has to be an experience, irrespective of it being positive or negative. Leaver- Dunn et Al were besides noted in Walker E. S ( 2006 ) p 216 that contemplation has the ability to separate between the expert practicians and their equals. To get down with and looking manner back to the beginning of this peculiar class it is interesting to observe that being an international pupil from Nigeria and analyzing Marketing Communications in the University of Bedfordshire was an experience ne'er to be forgotten, Is have been through assorted signifiers of transmutation, since the session started in September 21st,2009. Transformation theory, that was ab initio developed by Jack Mezirow, â€Å" identifies a procedure of alteration that begins with an experience one can non integrate into the mental matrix built from anterior life experience, and which normally includes the undermentioned constituents: a disorientating quandary, self scrutiny, a critical appraisal of premises, the acknowledgment that others have gone through similar procedures, the geographic expedition of options for organizing new functions, relationships or actions, the preparation of a program of action and reintegration into the experience with new, transformed positions † . Fuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Talking about transmutation, i personally come from a state that the educational system is wholly different from that of Europe, peculiarly the United Kingdom. I was able to come to footings with the fact that at that place existed a school calendar that will be purely followed and one saw myself in an organized scene. At first I had jobs coming to footings with being the lone Nigerian miss in my category until subsequently when I was joined by another chap from my place state, this gave me a spot of assurance as to confronting the ambitious class. In the words of Aileen C. and Elaine E, ( 2004 ) they wrote that exhaustively reflecting on pattern is really a cardinal characteristic of effectual acquisition, they went on to specify contemplation as concentrating on the immediate, thereby showing the inside informations of a job or undertaking. As an person I agree with the demand to reflect or instead concentrate on the immediate, this will decidedly assist to do corrections for the hereafter and non do the same errors already made if at all there was any. Further in the words of Horton-Deutsch. S and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008, p 947 ) contemplation involves â€Å" believing about experience, which leads scholars to a Fuller apprehension of what they know and increases their possible for leading † . Besides true in my position is the statement of Horton-Deutsch, who wrote that it is of import to reflect or believe back on the experience, which will in bend improve the person ‘s cognition about a peculiar state of affairs or increase the possible for greater highs. In most instances it is believed that the experience for analyzing abroad has great potency for transforming international pupil. I must state one went through some phases of transmutation such as meeting alteration, prosecuting in contemplation, reconfiguring perceptual experiences and re-acclimating to the state of affairs. Fuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Worthy of note is the point that throughout my survey in my place state, there has ne'er been an chance for me to reflect, this made it instead impossible for me to hold a re-think on my errors, and there was besides no chance to do corrections.5.2 WHAT DOES REFLECTION MEAN?Cunliffe, ( 2004, p. 414 ) defines contemplation â€Å" as the agencies or procedure through which an experience in the signifier of idea, feeling, or action, is examined to analyse its significance while it is go oning or later † . Kember et al. , ( 2000 ) , wrote that contemplation does stand for a point on a acquisition continuum which is so characterised by wont at one terminal and critical contemplation at the other. To Schon ( 1983 ) contemplation is referred to as the ability to rethink one ‘s anterior ideas and action in context, both to come up premises every bit good as to do significance. Contemplation, as written in Klenowski V and Lunt I ( 2008 ) is largely specifying with respects to conceptual constituents and theoretical positions. Horton-Deutsch S and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008 ) explained that â€Å" Reflection is about larning from experience, a critical facet of cognition development and a skill indispensable to leading development † . They both went on to reason on the footing that contemplation goes far beyond ordinary empirical knowing, but it besides combines personal and ethical ways of cognizing. Korthagen F and Vasalos A ( 2005 ) wrote that the indispensable importance of contemplation is to larn from experiences. Woerkom M ( 2010 ) referred to reflection in Deweyan ‘s position as instrumental acquisition ; he went farther to observe that it is the appraisal of premises implicit in beliefs about how to work out jobs. In this peculiar definition, contemplation therefore besides includes an component of unfavorable judgment but refers more to instrumental thought, which is concerned with how to work out a job. In contrast, Mezirow defines critical contemplation as turn toing the inquiry of the justification for the really premises on which jobs are posed or defined in the first topographic point and scrutiny of their beginnings and effects. Critical contemplation can non go an built-in component in the immediate action procedure but requires a suspension in which to reevaluate one ‘s significance positions and, if necessary, to transform them. Critical self-reflection refers to the most of import acquisition experience. It means reevaluating the manner we have posed jobs, our ain significance positions, every bit good as reevaluating our ain orientation to perceiving, cognizing, believing, feeling, and moving. Some of the bookmans perceived contemplation, as critical contemplation or critical thought. It is hence frequently non clear what the difference is, or even if there exist a difference, between these footings. Dewey, who is perceived as the laminitis of the construct of contemplation, sometimes uses the footings â€Å" brooding thought † and â€Å" critical thought † interchangeably. Scott. G.S ( 2010 )5.3 RECOLLECTIONAND PROCESS OF REFLECTION OF REFLECTIONThe theoretical model for contemplation harmonizing to Korthagen F and Vasalos A ( 2005, p48 ) is referred to as ALACT theoretical account. This theoretical account is said to trust on the premise that â€Å" by nature people reflect on their experiences † . The theoretical account besides describes a structured brooding procedure, but on the other manus, the theoretical account did non take note about the content of contemplation. On the other manus Scott. G S ( 2010 ) p 434 argued that the benefit of contemp lation has got extended theoretical support in literature, though Scott ‘s definition of contemplation is non without its ain statement. He went on to compose that the critical theoreticians ‘ contemplation is considered to â€Å" necessitate the surfacing of premises relative to state of affairss and surrounded steadfastly power dealingss, control and the transmutation of belief and values † . Reflection was interchangeably used by direction theoreticians as â€Å" personal, psychological alteration instead than societal alteration † Scott. G.S ( 2010 ) P 434 The function of pupil contemplation is an incorporate acquisition procedure, and contemplation has three phases: a reappraisal of experience, analysis, and re-evaluation ( Peltier, & A ; Drago, 2004 ; Peltier et al. , 2005 ) . The initial phase of this procedure is the reappraisal of experience and presupposes consciousness. That is, it presupposes that the experience in inquiry has been brought into consciousness. The term ‘reflection ‘ is often used really slackly and this can easy befog the disciplined and ambitious nature of such acquisition. Reynolds ( 1999 ) distinguishes between critical contemplation an attack in which both experience and its societal and political contexts are examined, contemplation which focuses on the person and gives small attending to societal or political procedures, and critical thought, a term which he argues is ‘usually used to mean a disciplined attack to job work outing ‘ ( Reynolds, 1999, p. 173 ) . He went on to claim that in the direction literature â€Å" critical contemplation † is being used in the weaker sense to depict thoughtful analysis or job work outing ‘ ( Reynolds, 1999, p. 177 ) . With respect to contemplation and acquisition, Argyris and Schon distinguish between individual cringle and dual cringle acquisition. For the exercising of individual cringle larning it is possible ‘by observing and reflecting on our ain actions, to do a description of the silent knowing implicit in them ‘ ( Schon, 1987, p. 25 ) .This enables us to analyze and measure such cognition. However, dual cringle larning involves non merely reflecting on one ‘s actions, but besides researching the premises and ‘theories-in usage ‘ which are embedded in those actions. Walsh ( 2009 )5.4 PERSONAL FEELINGS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCEThe uncomfortableness that was felt at the beginning of the thesis was overpowering. It all started the first twenty-four hours that we were told to fix for the first thesis presentation, as I faced the fright I still was able to garner cognition. I wondered in the beginning if I could get by with the work in front of me, but with the encouragement of wise mans i was able to confront it and transport on. Brooding thought is to be used to heighten determination accomplishments, cultural sensitiveness, and teamwork, non merely express feelings or record in a diary what occurred, McInnis-Bowers et Al. ( 2010 ) In the words of Scott S G ( 2010 ) contemplation, is referred to as â€Å" the procedure of rethinking one ‘s anterior ideas and actions in context to come up premises and do significance. Contemplation represents one point on a acquisition continuum that is characterized by wont at one pole and critical contemplation at the other † . During the class of my survey peculiarly during the period I was composing up my thesis, the experience I had has thought me to believe in myself and halt thought I can non make it. It has thought me to ever confront my undertakings with whatever challenges that come with it. From this experience I have realised that there is no two ways about wining except through difficult work and there is a stating that goes therefore Proper, Prepara tion, Prevents, Poor, Performance 5P ‘s. The first feedback I had with my group members for the advancement in the Trident run which marked the boot off for the concluding thesis. It did non look a good start to me, because my group had a batch of things to work on and it was obvious non every group member was willing to work. Although the feeling did non function as a drawback it merely meant Is had to work harder. On that twenty-four hours we were advised on the three critical facets of the thesis which included the run program and study, literature reappraisal and eventually the contemplation. Before we attended the 2nd feedback, myself and the other three group members met on three occasions where we delegated work to each member on the undertaking in front, most of the clip it was two of the four members that was active, and on several cases i personally encouraged them to set in more attempt so we all can accomplish success at the terminal of the piece of work. The 2nd feedback which was on the ten percent of March, was attended by two supervisors and once more I was non happy with myself as no thorough research was done, my input was non good plenty and when we were asked what our run scheme meant, none of my group members could react, this became a spot cheerless. Looking frontward to a 60 unit faculty I felt truly down, but so it became a challenge. The job that was posed was the inability to set literature together to endorse our statements up but at the latter phase things got better. Again in the beginning it looked like we had trouble construing the brief, as we came up with several propositions, aims and scheme which seemed non to do sense, for this ground the undertaking became more competitory as the other two groups had the same subject and it seemed my group was non doing a head manner.5.5 GROUP DYNAMICS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCEWithin my group I happened to be the lone female amongst three cats and i thought this ground will do them more active than one am but the contrary was the instance, this was the ground why in the beginning I had assorted feelings about working within a group, as it seemed everyone had a degree of understanding and this means it takes a superb one to be able to accomplish success. I had no pick at that point as we had a small group of 12 in the full selling communications, Masterss ‘ grade category, which made it truly obvious to be able to separate between the brilliant and dull pupils. Several times i was non happy wi th the groups i fall into, but with finding to stand out I normally face it, and i ne'er regretted my determinations as I ne'er failed a group work. Harmonizing to Moon ( 2004, p. 136 ) â€Å" when sing the university position on experiential acquisition and contemplation, it becomes evident, that the fact ‘that all instruction comes about through experience does non intend that all experiences are truly or every bit educative ‘ he besides argued that a differentiation needs to be made between what she footings ‘informal contemplation ‘ and ‘academic contemplation ‘ the latter being a formal procedure † . Walsh ( 2009 ) At a point during the group meetings i became so unhappy and one told other group members i was no longer interested in the work though this was non a true statement from my bosom, I was likely excessively disquieted, but with clip I was able to quiet myself down and get by even though things did non work out as planned On several occasions at that place existed misinterpretation and I personally found out that there was demand for these misinterpretation as it helps in traveling frontward most of the clip. Again many at times a member within the group was used to stating he works better under force per unit area and this did non travel good with me as Is do non work good under force per unit area, alternatively i do the opposite significance I program my clip and i appreciate clip direction and non fire brigade attack in transporting out my undertaking. Many times after a misinterpretation at that place exist duologue and apologies will be made by the necessary group members and so the undertaking continues, interestingly we tend to accomplish more at this clip. Another point worthy to observe at this clip is that working within a group gives a cognition about the office environment, where one will be working with other members of staff and if a undertaking is to be carried out, there will be no chance to take who to and who non to work with. Each clip one think of this I am encouraged to get by within any group I find myself and seek to corporate and have a good squad spirit. Contemplation so, in the words of Scott G S ( 2010 ) P 432 is the procedure or agencies by which an experience, in the signifier of idea, feeling, or action, is examined to condense its significance while it is go oning or later. Contemplation is fodder for self-regulation in an environment where what we define as utile and effectual behavior alterations continuously. With mention to the words of Scott ( 2010 ) I had different reactions to every state of affairs that I was faced with, ever believing back that I had a grade in a different educational scene and now a Masterss in Europe. At that point it was obvious something was non right as the first and 2nd feedback did non give a positive consequence, but something one held on to was the words given by the supervisors, which i pondered on, one went on to direct my piece of work to the coachs over the cyberspace, once more small betterment was made, it all became distressing but one ne'er give up. What happened following? I suggested we needed to run into a coach and get down afresh, interesting, we approached him and he was happy to take us aright, every group member attended this meeting and things began to alter. From the proposition, mark audience, scheme and really many utile advices was given. Most significantly we were told to include some theories of acquisition and contemplation to buttress some points, this period was a good precious one as it marked the beginning of a bend around. My function within the group was a really critical one as the other members do reach me to cognize what the following measure was, I was ever be called upon to split the undertaking and explicate what we did so far including the hereafter program. I enjoyed making this as I have ever seen myself as a magnetic leader, of class a leader by illustration.5.6 LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE PROJECTSWhen one negotiations of success narrative, that does non literarily intend the consequences for the thesis is out already but the fulfillment and the joy that comes to mind cognizing fundamentally that the group work and the single portion was done and submitted in due clip is worthy of note. Soon after the summer vacation started two of the four group members did go to their place state go forthing merely two people to cover with the work. Sincerely things went slow but at each clip a meeting was arranged and there was advancement at every meeting coupled with misinterpretations. On the eighth of June, we had a concluding group presentation with feedback, which marked the concluding twenty-four hours of the class, to our greatest surprise the proposition we have changed clip and clip once more, mark audience cleavage and the tag line began to pass on, it became obvious that the group was on path even though the existent presentation got lost in a missing flash thrust. The group was advised to make more research and understand the mark audience and what needs to be done to pass on the trade name ( Trident masticating gum ) is the scheme and execution. Throughout this same month and July communicating continued on-line as it became a spot hard to run into in the university since the library closed earlier than usual. Each portion of the run was dealt with strictly and the power point slides were put together so the study followed afterwards. Scott G. S ( 2010 ) p 433 was before quoted in the study where he noted that John Dewey is considered a cardinal conceiver of believing about contemplation. Dewey argued in his ain words that reflective persons have certain features, which includes open-mindedness, which illustrates the will power within an person to accept rational duty for one ‘s ain positions, heartiness this merely means, a willingness to face frights and uncertainnesss, and eventually enthusiasm. Contemplation is concerned with patterns and actions, particularly professional pattern in Fieldss such as school instruction ( Allen, 1992 ; Beyer, 1989 ; Collier, 1999 ) , nursing ( Burns & A ; Bulman, 2000 ) , societal work ( Fook, 1996 ) , and direction â€Å" communities of pattern † ( Welsh & A ; Dehler, 2004 ) . Reflection besides generates enquiry and a hunt for significance ; it provides the possible to see things in a manner they have non been understood earlier. More merely, brooding pattern contributes to larning. What I have learnt that will be everlastingly utile to me is the ability to dialogue, this a really of import instrument peculiarly in a group work scenario. Again it is good to listen to the leader as two wrongs can ne'er do a right, it is wholly unjust when squad members refuse to listen to the leader, and evidently things will non travel good. I have besides learnt that in the hereafter I understand clearly the footing of my undertaking before one kick off with work on it, as this delayed my group from traveling frontward during the presentation, as though we were traveling about within the same circle, before we got our precedences right. â€Å" The agencies of contemplation is most frequently dialogue through which subjective and nonsubjective experience is processed, questioned, and significance is made of it. Reflection through duologue demonstrates pupils ‘ larning through their ability to gestate what they have learned, the significance it has for their present and future, and the acknowledgment that they are neither the same individual as they were a few old ages antecedently nor should they anticipate to be a few old ages therefore. Baker, Jensen, and Kolb ( 2002 ) labelled this attack to larning â€Å" the wrong-side-out attack. † Scott G. S ( 2010 ) P 4335.7 DecisionIn reasoning this contemplation study it is interesting to observe that â€Å" acquisition can be considered as a procedure of debate in which thought, reflecting, sing and action are different facets of the same procedure † . It is besides a practical debate with oneself and in coaction with others that really forms the footi ng of larning. ( Pavlica et al. 1998: 145 ) in Corley A and Eades E ( 2004, P 138 ) During the reappraisal of literature it was noted harmonizing to Jeffrey D et Al. ( 2000 ) that contemplation is non an wholly new procedure and some authors trace it to the work of Socrates, they went on to depict contemplation â€Å" as a procedure of withdrawing from or stepping back from an experience and taking clip to intentionally and carefully reexamine it, believe about it and build significance from it, nevertheless contemplation is said to hold a past, present and future component. In this study the author has been able to reflect by and large about the past experience, looking through the beginning of the selling communications maestro ‘s grade foremost feeling, through to the present clip which has to make with the experience while composing up the thesis, it is besides interesting to observe that the author besides discussed briefly of future outlooks and larning from the past experience that can positively impact the hereafter work. Having reflected on my experience from first twenty-four hours of university up until the yearss of my concluding thesis, I will state Is have really enjoyed the full procedure. Meeting friends from other parts of the universe was a good thing to retrieve, with no exclusions of my coachs who were ever at that place, and willing to assist with whatever need we might hold during the class of survey. However one quit e agree with the thought of personal contemplations as it gives the chance to believe back and do damagess as required. This in bend will hold a positive consequence on an person.MentionsMiriam Catterall, Pauline Maclaran, and Lorna Stevens ( 2010 ) Critical Reflection in the Marketing Curriculum Journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 24 No. 3, December 2002 184-192 Scott. G Susanne ( 2010 ) Enhancing Reflection Skills through Learning Portfolios: An Empirical Test. Journal of Management Education 34 ( 3 ) 430-457. The Author ( s ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Fuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Tri-fold Transformation: An International Adult Student ‘s Contemplations on Online Learning. Walker E. S ( 2006 ) . Journal Writing as a Teaching Technique to Promote Reflection Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 41, No 2 p216-221 Klenowski Val and Lunt Ingrid ( 2008 ) Enhancing larning at doctorial degree through the usage of contemplation. Taylor & A ; Francis Walsh Anita ( 2009 ) Modes of Reflection: Is it possible to utilize both single and corporate contemplation to accommodate the ‘three-party cognition involvements ‘ in workplace acquisition? European Journal of Education, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2009, Part I _1389 385 Aileen Corley and Elaine Eades ( 2004 ) ‘Becoming ‘ critically brooding practicians: faculty members ‘ and pupils ‘ contemplations on the issues involved. Pp. 137-144. Human Resource Development International, Taylor and Francis Limited Horton-Deutsch Sarah and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008 ) Contemplation: an educational scheme to develop emotionally- competent nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 946-954 Doyle, Wendy ; Young, Jeffrey D ( 2000 ) .Managing Development: Making the most Experience and Reflection. Fall2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3, p18 Marianne new wave Woerkom, ( 2010 ) Advances in Developing Human Resouces. The Concept of Critical Reflection and Its Deductions for Human Resource Development Advances in Developing Human Resources Vol. 6, No. 2 p 178-192

Music : Expressionism

‘Prettier' from five orchestral pieces is an atonal (no significant key signature) Expressionist piece of music written by Austrian composer Schoenberg (who is associated with the expressionist movement of the early twentieth century and was the founder of the second Viennese school of music). It was composed in 1909, written for a big orchestra, made up of mainly flutes oboes clarinets and bassoons.Additionally some other brass instruments and percussion play in the piece such as the trumpet, trombone, xylophone, cymbals and bass drum. Prettier' can be described as a very intense and restless piece of music with many quick changes in speed, mood and instrumentation. The translation of Prettier into English is ‘ a sudden change in fortune†, which perfectly describes the nature of this piece. One factor which makes ‘Prettier' a clear example of expressionist music is the instrumentation.In this piece the instruments are often played at the extreme of their regi sters, heightening the dramatic style which sets the stage for this expressionist piece of music by including extreme contrasts in the dynamics, which an be seen in the score of the piece where Schoenberg marks from ‘up' to ‘if. Another two factors which portray the genre of this piece are the constantly changing textures and unusual structure; there are many motifs which are changed throughout the piece however there is no concrete main melody.It is made out of complicated melodic fragments which are based on 6 notes from 12 different semitones in a scale, known as hexachord, which are almost in rondo form (abaca.. ) where the same melodic idea returns many times. The ‘a' theme, which returns more than twice, are each very different to each other and described as ‘almost unrecognizable'. This creates a sensation of unawareness , a feeling of unpredictability and suspense for the listener, we never expect what we will hear next.The idea of using free rondo fo rm is used to bring the same atmosphere, mood and feel of a motif rather than the exact, precise copy of notes. An example of a hexachord in this piece is the recurring hexachord in bar 8 , ( a, b flat, c , c sharp, e , f) laded as a motif and chord by the horns Each different section of the piece varies in length swell as the continuously varying textures and tempos. Schoenberg frequently changes the speed within Prettier. He uses a lot of different note lengths ranging from deem-semiquavers to semibreves.This use of constantly changing tempos, melodies and dynamics heightens the dramatic nature of the piece making it very exciting for the listener! The timbre, pitch and harmonies of this piece are very particular to the style of expressionism. The dissonant harmonies and clashing sounds throughout this piece create discomfort for the listener and are successfully used to convey the desired emotions of the composer, which he was aiming to express through his music.As well as the su dden and extreme changes in dynamics and rhythms in this piece, the textures vary as well. This piece has a contrapuntal texture with moments of polyphonic and homophobic textures too; ranging from a solo flute to the whole orchestra playing which provide possibilities of creating dramatic moments of climax thin the song, once again conveying deep emotions and conflict, fitting perfectly into the expressionistic genre.The melody in Prettier is fragmented and is played by all the instruments at different times throughout the piece, known as ‘agglomeration's' (tone-color melody). Additionally the melody is very angular and distinct and often uses repeated notes or short motifs, which enhances the uncomfortable feeling for the listener. Schoenberg plays with the timbre of this piece, with quick, sudden changes between families of instruments such as the brass ND woodwinds; which in result varies the sound of the piece making it more unusual and unpredictable.Prettier perfectly fi ts into the category of expressionism through the exiting use of changing dynamics, tempos, harmonies, textures, orchestral devices, melodies and rhythms, making this piece exiting and vibrant to listen to every time. Each time it is played new moments are found that were previously unknown to the listener, bringing something new to its audience each time it is heard, whether it be emotional or categorical, thus evidently fitting into the genre of expressionism.

Tax law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tax law - Case Study Example Jones to change Smithon from a fiscal year end to calendar year end and convert it to an S corporation. You asked that I give you definitive answers regarding the outright purchase of Smithon stock, as well as the potential merger or acquisition of Smithon by Johnson Services. Of these two main issues there are several minor points that need addressed? I will break each section down and answer those questions specifically, definitively responding for each. To be addressed first is, 1. the outright purchase of Smithon stock a. Should you purchase the stock of Smith outright, leaving Smithon intact? What about issuing debt in your Johnson Services company to pay for the Smith Company-would that raise debt to equity issues? It is sometimes better to purchase the stock of Smithon outright, however, in looking at the potential benefit of using the credit power of Johnson Services and issuing corporate bonds you would free up the cash necessary to make changes if they become a need. There is also the added benefit of the debt tax shield. IRC 514 expands on debt-finance income when one uses income gained by borrowing against investment property. (IRC 514) Obviously, an issue is the potential problem with debt to equity, however, given the losses posted by Johnson Services recently it seems expedient to explore corporate bonds or additional share opportunities and use the cash available to re-tool Smithon. By using the available debt tax shield, you stand to benefit in numerous ways from using Johnson Services as a backer for purchasing Smithon. One potential disadvantage is that issuing debt can increase the risk of bankruptcy. (Damodaran 9) b. Should I convert Smithon to an S corporation and change the fiscal year end to a calendar year end? c. What potential income tax ramifications exist for me if I purchase the stock of Smithon and convert it to an S corporation? If you use the credit available from Johnson to purchase Smithon it would be beneficial to retain the C status of that corporation and take full advantage of the corporate tax benefits resulting. However, if you decide to use cash to purchase Smithon and end up with a large personal liability then converting it to S status would become more beneficial. Due to increased taxes on a personal level with the utilization of â€Å"mean testing† it would seem more personally beneficial to retain the C status of the corporation and keep the potential income from that business out of the data included in the â€Å"mean testing.† The income of an S corporation is generally taxed to the shareholders of that corporation rather than the corporation itself. (IRS form 2553 1) As for changing from a fiscal to calendar year end, this would result in filing a short tax year, and additional expenses administratively with no real net benefit. d. Should I merge Johnson Services and Smithon? What type of merger or acquisition would be best (i.e., A type, etc.)? Because there are no available data sets as to the similarities between Smithon Widgets manufacturing and Johnson Services it would be necessary to further explore the ability for both companies to function together. If a merger becomes an option and is pursued successfully the most effective merger type given the information currently available would be the conglomeration merger. This type of merger is between two businesses that are involved in totally unrelated activities. There is the

Cultural Web - control systems - Flybe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural Web - control systems - Flybe - Essay Example he software also helps the airline to control their prices closely while analyzing the performance through a wide variety of features (Honeywill 1999, pg.84). Reward, as opposed to punishment, is the main point of focus. They believe that when an employee is rewarded for a job well-done, they are likely to work harder to get even higher rewards (O’Connell 2014). Punishments on the other hand are not always taken positively by the victims, which affects their general performance. The controls put in place are related to current strategies. Aspects such as; the reputation communicated to the stakeholders and customers, what employees say about the company and what they tell new customers about the company. The controls are emphasized on three major areas; quality systems, financial systems and the rewards. The formula for issuing and distributing the rewards among the employees is also specified in the controls. Finance must be tightly since it is the life-blood of the industry. Quality on the hand ensures that the customers are satisfied with the services. A satisfied customer is most likely to continue using the same service (Honeywill 1999,

See attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

See attachment - Essay Example H. L. , Goodall , S., Schiefelbein, J. 2010) . The article essentially seeks to establish a paradigm of behavior that can be attributed to the culturally homogeneous workers and then their response to the heterogeneous work place environment. While global communication processes in business environments have both a typology of characterization and cultural pluralism as pre-determinants, there is also a system of category constructs in an otherwise complex and dynamic situation mediated communication environments. Despite a lack of research in to information dissemination process and language as heuristics directly related to global business communication environments there is still a greater effort by serious researches to establish parameters of reference for meaningful category construct in dynamic culturally plural communication contexts. The article has invariably touched on how the workplace context determines almost virtual communication scenarios theoretical dimension apart the authors have delineated a host of cultural constructs including language and information as pre-determinants of an otherwise non cohesive and heterogeneous work environments. Despite this authors have persisted in constructing a more cohesive alternative approach to understanding work place dynamics in professional business communication processes. Their culture perspective is directly related to inter cultural communication as a dynamic relationship between and among fellow workers. The contextual influence and rational behavioral heuristics have not been ruled out by the authors either. In fact their argumentative posture on â€Å"culture-in-context† is supported by a number of other influential writers as a paradigm of professional communication in the work place context, though many such writers do not necessarily subscribe to t he idea of endogenous cultural influences riding roughshod over facilitative

South Florida Economic Policy Recommendation Paper Research

South Florida Economic Policy Recommendation - Research Paper Example While considering the economy of Florida it is important to take into consideration the MSA functions as one of the engines of economic growth with various public, private and nonprofit institutions within the three county MSA and beyond. The economy suffered a slowdown in the later stages of the last decade but currently population is on the rise. The population is highly mobile with a combination of large influx of international migration coupled with large number of domestic migrants. The large and diverse population is an asset for the economy to compete on the global platform. The diverse population offers multi-lingual workforce and diverse culture for business environment. The growth track of the economy will allow the local governments to make significant amount of investments on infrastructure. The Comprehensive Economic Strategy provides the road map for the economy to strength itself. The update for 2012 of the CEDS brings an opportunity to align and coordinate with variou s states through integrated and results oriented approach. The update follows the six pillars of Florida’s future economy. The pillars are supply of talent and education, inventions and development of the economy, infrastructure and growth leadership, competitiveness and suitable climate for business, civic as well as Governance systems and Quality of places and life. The state is following the five year strategic plan based on the above discussed pillars. The recovery of South Florida may be in doubt but the recent months have succeeded to gather some success (Oyola-Yemaiel, 2000, p. 354-357). The improving labor market has produced a gross gain for the economy. The start of this year replicated the conditions with that of 2002. The dials shifted after the improvement of employment statistics. According to the releases of the University of Central Florida even if the economy is in the phase of experiencing sluggish progress but the forecasts surely beats that of recession. T he economy has to cover a long way before it can make any mark of the global scenario. The Economic Problem To analyze the economic problems or the opportunities for the region the most important that comes on the mid of analysts are steady supply of talent and improved educational facilities. There is an emerging talent gap in Florida. There is a crisis in human capital that represents a vast and ever widening gap between the need of available skilled and educated workforce and availability of workforce. The council of Florida of 100s Closing the Talent Gap published the issues and requisite recommendations related to the talent supply chain of Florida which is defined in four zones namely Pre-K, Primary or Secondary, the post Secondary phase and the Development of Workforce. In the coming years new innovative products will be introduced to deal with the challenges of environment, medical as well as transportation. The application of the policies will break through to gain the rewa rds of leadership. Efforts are the call of the time of the time to develop the right skills for the right people and at the right time. The talent Supply chain of the country aims to attract new businesses into the country as well as expand the already existing ones by the promotion of the delivery system, to strike a balance between the supply and demand of talent to met the requirements for the new economy, build a repository of all programs made available for the business opportunities, develop some measures to analyze the development of the talent supply chain over time. According to UCF, the construction sector of the country suffered huge job loss and it is expected that the sector will find the track again in 2031. The rate of

Analyze and discuss Charles V war with the Ottoman Empire Essay

Analyze and discuss Charles V war with the Ottoman Empire - Essay Example As Goffman puts it, Selim had ‘exposed the Ottomans, more directly than ever, to powerful empires’ (99). Overland to the east, Suleiman was confronted with the Persian Safavids on his frontiers in Mesopotamia and Anatolia; in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, he dispatched fleets against the ships of Catholic Portugal, busily building a commercial empire on the coasts of the Africa, the Arabian Gulf and India. Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, had only really faced a much enfeebled Byzantium, a shrunken state which showed little sign of its former glory. Selim himself had gone to war with major neighbors, but in toppling the Mamluks in Egypt, he was destroying a dynasty who were already unstable in power. However, Suleiman, in confronting Charles V in the West, faced an empire which ‘included almost all of Catholic Europe’ (Goffman, 99). The scale of the ensuing struggle, and the near-constant state of warfare in some arena or another, is thus litt le to be wondered at. It is worth examining the symbolic level of the conflict between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans, given that the struggle was in many ways one for the succession to the Roman emperors. For Imber, ‘rivalry between Suleyman I and Charles V was a dominant theme of the mid-sixteenth century’ (113). Ever since Mehmed II had taken Constantinople from the last of the Byzantine emperors in 1453, the Ottomans had been able to brand themselves as the legitimate successors to Rome. However, it was only in the reign of Suleiman I that much emphasis was put on this notion. During one of the military campaigns in Eastern Europe in the 1530s, Suleiman wore a crown which he had commissioned from Venetian artisans, and which employed elements of the official regalia of both Charles V and Pope Clement VII, the latter being, significantly, the pontiff who had crowned Charles as Holy Roman Emperor. Goffman considers that ‘no Western observer could have missed the Ottoman sultan’s challenge to the emperor’s universalist claims in this choice of headgear’ (107). At the same time, Charles was busy reasserting his own imperial credentials in the West. In 1530, he travelled to Bologna where the Pope invested him with the crown of a renewed Holy Roman Empire, thus recalling the occasion on Christmas Day 1800, when Charlemagne became the first Holy Roman Emperor to receive a crown from the Pope. Finkel suggests that for Charles, this occasion was not merely symbolic, but that he saw his enthronement as ‘reinforcing his moral authority to press forward with the consolidation of Spanish power’ (126), and thus seek military confrontation with the Islamic Ottoman Turks. Suleiman, also, made use of religious titles in an attempt to strengthen his position. Having become the guardian of Islam’s most holy cities – Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem – he commonly used the title ‘Caliph’, which I mber pertinently describes as ‘an Islamic counterweight to Charles V’s Christian title of Holy Roman Emperor’ (114). A deeply significant moment in this rivalry, especially as far as Suleiman was concerned, came in 1547, as the two emperors made a treaty for a 5-year peace. The Turkish text of this treaty, for the first time, no longer accorded Charles the dignity of an imperial title, referring to him merely as the ‘

Q4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Q4 - Essay Example Continual improvement can also be added as a basic tenet of TQM concept. This particular principle denotes that improvement of the company in terms of quality as well as quantity should be a continuous process. It is worth mentioning in this context that the sole intention of TQM is to obtain efficiency in managing both quality and quantity with equal importance. The key notion considered in this regard, signifies that balance between quality and quantity is vital to attract customers at an increasing rate and also preserve customer loyalty for a longer time-period. Owing to such significance of TQM, the inferences drawn through this framework must essentially be reliable. This constitutes another basic tenet of TQM, where matrices are required to be used to draw inferences and justify strategies for maintaining a balance between quality and quantity prospects. Last but not the least; managerial leadership practices within the organization also play a major influencing role in contri buting towards the effectiveness of the TQM strategies applied (Reynolds,

S.M.A.R.T. goal setting Essay Example for Free

S.M.A.R.T. goal setting Essay Principles for setting goals have been designed. One of the common and most effective principle is S. M. A. R. T. Goal Setting. S. M. A. R. T. stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely. ? Specific – It must be clear in the mind of the athlete what exactly he must achieve. Vague or general goals will not help the athlete. According to Locke and Latham (1990), specific goals contribute to higher level of performance than general goals (as cited in Taylor Wilson, 2005). In setting specific goals, sex questions are asked: Who, What, Where, When, Why, How. †¢ Who are involved in achieving this goal? †¢ What do I want to accomplish? †¢ Where will I accomplish this goal? †¢ When do I have to achieve this goal? †¢ Why is it important to achieve this goal? †¢ How can I achieve the goal? (Loo, 2007) ? Measurable – Goals should be quantifiable. In this way, the athlete can gauge his level of success. An athlete who can perceive his progress will be motivated to continue and improve. ? Attainable – Setting impossible goals tend to create anxiety. This affects intrinsic motivation and confidence adversely. Conversely, An athlete should also be challenged to maintain the stimuli needed for him to play the sport. The goal should not be too easy to achieve neither to hard to attain. Determine the level of skill of the athlete then set a challenging yet attainable goal. ? Relevant – Different athletes will have different individual goals. Just because a successful player set a certain goal, it does not mean that all team members should set the same goals. Assess which goals would enhance the output of which athlete. ? Timely – Set deadlines for each objective. Timelines create a certain urgency to work on the goal. Without deadlines, there is a tendency to put off the accomplishment of the goal for another day. Eventually, they would not be met. Team Goals Athletes in team sports need to work with different individuals. Each of them would have their own idea of achievement and success. Each would have an opinion on what the team should do and how to do it. Setting a team goal is essential in unifying individual intentions. A team goal would help keep the players in sync. Giving them one direction strengthens the team. Individual Goals Setting individual goals take a back seat in team sports. What athletes and coaches fail to realize is individual goals can contribute to achieving the team goal. Since the team sets the primary goal, the secondary individual goals should be relevant to it. Have the team discuss as a group what they would want to achieve together. Have them formalize this by writing it down. Then ask each player to come up with their own goals which they believe would help bolster the team goal. (Taylor Wilson, 2005) CONCLUSION Motivation is crucial to an athlete’s productivity. Both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation play a role in maintaining the athlete’s drive to achieve. However, heavy emphasis on extrinsic motivation does not sustain an athlete’s urge to continue participating in a sport. Intrinsic motivation, being more of a state of mind, is harder to cultivate. Yet, tried and tested solutions are available to a coach to foster internal motivation. The coach is tasked with identifying the athlete’s needs and meeting them. Having fun and feeling worthy are identified as the essential needs of every athlete. Fun in sports can be achieved in various ways. It is left to the creativity of the coach to come up with activities that would be enjoyable to the student-athletes. Self-worth and competence depend highly on how others react to the athlete’s skill. Affirmation and positive feedback are essential in building a positive perception of one’s worth and competence. Flow is an ideal state. Athletes have achieved this state and would understandably desire to replicate the experience. There is no guaranteed way or step – by – step plan to achieve flow. However, working on an athlete’s mental skill has proven to increase the occurrence of flow. There are four ways to achieve flow: focusing in the moment, eliminating distractions, visualizing perfect performance and building unconscious confidence. Focusing in the moment requires the athlete to absorb himself entirely in the game or competition. This can only be achieved by eliminating distractions. Negative thoughts should be pushed aside and focus should be placed in the present. On the other hand, visualizing perfect performance through self – talk can automatically put an athlete in to a state of flow with practice and training. Building unconscious confidence is done consciously. There must be awareness and commitment to build the confidence needed to succeed. Goal setting is another tool in cultivating an athlete’s motivation. Certain types of goals must be set for other forms of goals to be achieved. It is important for the coach to know which type of goal should be utilized at which time. Essentially, it is the coach’s responsibility to guide the athlete in developing himself both physically and mentally. In fact, developing one without the other would adversely affect the performance of the athlete. In the end, it boils down to the coach’s creativity, perseverance and his own motivation. Bibliography Burton, D. Raedeke, T. (2008). Sports Psychology for Coaches. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Garnett, M. (2008). Preparing the Succesful Coach. Massachusetts: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Higgins, E. T. . (1986). Activity Engagement Theory: Implications of Multiple Identifiable Input for Intrinsic Motivation. In Sorrentino, R. Higgins, E. T. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior Volume 2. New York: Guilford Press. Jackson, S. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in Sports. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Jackson, S. Kimiecik, J. (2008). The Flow Perspective of Optimal Experience in Sport and Physical Activity. In Horn, T. (3rd Ed. ) Advances in Sports Psychology. Illinois: Human Kinetics. La Prath, D. (2008). Coaching Girls Soccer. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Loo, T. (2007). SMART Goal Setting 101: The Definitive Guide to Goal Achievement. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www. synergyinstituteonline. com/detail_article. php? artid=374 Martens, R. (2004). Successful Coaching (3rd Ed. ). Illinois: Human Kinetics. Mauzy, J. Harriman, R. (2003). Creativity, Inc. Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press. Schenck, R. (1999). Athletic Training and Sports (3rd Ed. ) Massachusetts: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Schone, D. (2008). Motivating student-athletes: The who, what, why and how. JJ Huddle’s Ohio High. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from http://www. jjhuddle. com/news/articles/2008/12/19/motivating-student-athletes-the-who-what-why-and-how. Taylor, J. Wilson, G. S. (2005). Applying Sports Psychology. Illinois: Human Kinetics. United States Tennis Association. (2004). Coaching Tennis Successfully (2nd Ed. ) Illinois: Human Kinetics. Weinberg, R. S. Gould, D. (2007). Foundations of Sport and Exercise. Illinois: Human Kinetics.

Effects of Weight Stigma | Article Analysis

Effects of Weight Stigma | Article Analysis In their 51st volume, the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology published an article named â€Å"The Ironic Effects of Weight Stigma† in which researchers explore the realistic effects that weight stigmas and weight-related identity threats can have on an individual’s dietary habits and self-efficacy regarding self-control. All subjects in the experiments were female, as it was previously concluded that women are more susceptible to weight-related stigmas as well as weight-related identity threats. The scientists decided to test the effects of these stigmas and identity threats by designing an experiment in which participants first read either an article that presents a weight-related identity threat (experimental group), or an article that is unrelated to weight and obesity (control group), and then were asked to give a brief speech explaining the article, its validity, as well as the implications of the ideas discussed in the articles. After giving their speeches, the participants were placed in an unobserved room for ten minutes with pre-weighed bowls of MMs, Skittles, and Goldfish snacks and told to help themselves to a snack. The observed variables in this experiment included calories consumed after having given their speeches, the participants’ self-efficacy for dietary control (as evaluated by a questionnaire that scales self efficacy for dietary control), the subject’s concern regarding being the subject of weight stigma, as well as the individual’s speech and nonverbal behavior. Although women in the experimental and control groups did not differ in perceived weight, and neither did white vs. non-white participants, it was shown that non-white participants had higher BMIs than their white counterparts. The results of the experiment were certainly ironic, but not to be unexpected. Women who were subjected to weight related identity threat inevitably had a positive correlation between perceived weight and calories consumed, whereas women in the control group had little to no correlation between perceived weight and calories consumed. Essentially, only those who were self-described as overweight would consume more calories after being subjected to a weight related stigmatization, and those who elf-described as overweight would only reflect an increase in calorie consumption after having been exposed to a stigma regarding weight. Furthermore, among women that were exposed to the threat condition, perceived weight was significantly negatively coordinated with self-efficacy regarding dietary control whereas perceived weight had no correlation with self-efficacy for dietary control for women in the control group. Also, self-described overweight women reflected lower self-efficacy for cont rolling their diet when subjected to the identity threat while women who did not describe themselves as overweight reflected higher self-efficacy for dietary control when presented with the weight-related identity threat. The study essentially found that stigmatizations regarding weight often have an effect opposite of what is desired. Being confronted with a stigma regarding weight is likely to cause a person who perceives themselves as being overweight to eat more and have lower self-efficacy regarding their ability to control their own dietary habits, in other words it in no way encourages them to eat healthy or feel empowered regarding their dietary decisions.

Strategies to Counteract Online Radicalization

Strategies to Counteract Online Radicalization CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this study is to evaluate existing Bangladeshi efforts to counter radicalization through the internet, identify its weaknesses, and explore opportunities. This research will analyze the significant aspects of successful counter radicalization models of different countries, and suggest ways to incorporate those in Bangladesh to develop a coherent anti-radicalization strategy. Initially, this literature review will discuss the concept of radicalization through the cyberspace. It will allow the readers to follow the subsequent analysis and the suggestions to develop a mechanism in Bangladesh to counter this menace. The literature review is divided into three sections: understanding online radicalization, online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective, and significant aspects of successful international anti-radicalization programs. Understanding online radicalization will examine the potential power of the internet to influence people and the process of radicalization. The section on online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective will at first, briefly assess the relevant threats in Bangladesh and will then, identify and evaluate the existing programs of countering online radicalization. The final section will study the strategies adopted by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), The U.S. National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and the current programs undertaken by Malaysia and Indonesia. These two countries of Southeast Asia have been selected due to religious and cultural similarities, and geographic proximity. Their programs appear to be effective against online radicalization. Understanding Online Radicalization The internet appears to create more opportunities to become radicalized. Many scholarly articles ascribe a role to the internet in promoting radicalization[1]. Those studies suggest that the internet acts as an accelerant, and has broken the traditional barriers to radicalize individuals[2]. In this regard, Gabriel Weimanns Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges counts the number of websites of terrorist groups and reviews their contents[3]. In his article, Weimann points to the proliferation of extremists web sites. He founds, by the end of 1999, almost all terrorist groups established their online presence. Different empirical studies suggest, there is a correlation between extremists web sites and online propaganda, and rapid radicalization. The internet enables the terrorists to reach otherwise unreachable individuals. The reach of the internet has blurred the geographic barriers, and connected the distant individuals in the virtual world. Peter Neumann in his research points that the internet allows the terrorists to reach those individuals who would not have been accessible in any other way[4]. For example, Anwar al-Awlaki[5] successfully created online contents such as Inspire that advocates jihad from home. Ines von Behr asserts, these kind of online materials have broaden the scope to reach any people, and their appealing contents create more chance to implant radical ideas among the individuals[6]. The internet creates opportunities to radicalize a wider range of people from all societies. Rachel and Strugnell identify, beside removing the geographic barrier, the internet has erased the social and gender barriers as well to spread extremist ideologies. They highlight on the internet created scope to reach and radicalize the women[7]. In many societies, it may be difficult for women to meet personally with male extremists or work with them; it may also be difficult for the women to express certain thoughts in public. However, the internet allows them greater anonymity[8]. Some authors opine, the internet benefits the introvert individuals who are seeking the radical ideas by creating a scope to access any content privately[9]. Jerome Bjelopera says,ÂÂ   the characteristics of the internet allows a relative advantage to the terrorists in the present days than their previous generations by fading the lines between countries, societies, and genders[10]. The internet provides s upposed anonymity and a degree of protection and security from detection[11]. The internet accelerates the process of radicalization. Bjelopera terms the internet as an echo chamber[12]. It means, people who are searching any radical ideas to support their sketchy thoughts are likely to get some reinforcing contents on the internet due to its massive storage. The internet is a kind of one-stop shop for all the information that an individual may seek to underline his radical ideas that expedites his radicalization process. The virtual world reduces the timeframe of radicalization process as opposed to the actual world. Anthony Bergin in his study refers the internet as a conveyor belt that accelerates the radicalization process by providing instantaneous and continuous connection to any violent idea[13]. Raffaello Pantucci further highlights the internets role in incubating and accelerating radicalization[14]. Robert Schmidle points that, the chat rooms in particular are effective for the extremists since they can exchange ideas with like-minded individuals 24/ 7 regardless of borders[15]. Therefore, the internet expedites the radicalization process of any individual by offering varieties of contents and continuous interaction. The internet allows radicalization to occur without physical contact. Yeap and Park explain, the internet enables any individual to access radical contents from their personal space instead of attending a radical religious gathering[16]. Therefore, an individual need only the internet connection, physical travelling to other location is no more essential. Though the internet reduces hurdles to interaction, few scholars may argue that human interaction is necessary for radicalization. However, Behr says, in a digital era the online activities may be considered as an extension of the real lives, and physical connection is no more essential[17]. Beside the actual world, personal relationship may grow in the virtual world as well. Thus, Mitchell Silber and Arvin Bhatt asserts, radicalization on the internet is not necessarily any different to what would happen with other more private and less visible sources[18]. Besides, the internet increases opportunities for self-radicalization. It i s a process where an individual gradually become radicalized by himself [19]. Hence, the internet creates opportunities of radicalization without human interaction. An individual move through several phases as he becomes radicalized through the cyberspace. In a New York Police Department radicalization case study, Silber and Bhatt identify four phases of radicalization: pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination and jihadization[20]. The case study recognizes the impact of the internet on the radicalization process as an individual looking for an identity and a cause[21]. The internet facilitates in each of the stages to instruct, socialize, indoctrinate and recruit[22]. The FBI has also created a radicalization model similar to that of the NYPD. The FBI model has four stages: pre-radicalization, identification, indoctrination and action[23]. These categories are almost similar to NYPD. The diagram below illustrates the Moghaddams staircase to radicalization where the online contents play a complementary role: Moghaddam Staircase to Radicalization Source: Moghaddam, Fathali M. The Staircase to Terrorism, A Psychological Exploration, Vol. 60, No. 2, American Psychologist, 2005. Online Radicalization in Bangladeshi Perspective Terrorists Approach and their Target Audience In Bangladesh, few religion based terrorist organizations have gained capabilities to develop and spread their radical messages online. They have attracted public and media attention through their activities and propagation. Besides, few leftist political groups are also trying to develop their online capabilities. At present 13 terrorist organizations are operating actively and 29 others are operating covertly using fake credentials[24]. The Special Branch of Bangladesh Police has provided the names of eight terrorist organizations to Home Ministry who are very active on the internet: Ansarullah Bangla Team, Allahr Dal, Islamic Solidarity Front, Tamiruddin Bangladesh, Tawhidee Trust, Hizbut-Tawhid, Shahdat-e-Nabuwat and Jamat-as-Sadat. Five of these terrorist organizations have already been banned by the government, and eight more are yet to be banned[25]. These groups may have significant investment, both human and financial, to build their online capacities. The terrorist groups of Bangladesh appear to be active on the internet, particularly in Facebook and YouTube, to spread radical preaching. This is safer, and lower possibility of being tracked by the law enforcing agencies. Farooq opines, the online propaganda of the terrorists in Bangladesh have become more organized, and appealing to their targets[26]. Arman claims that the terrorists try to exploit the ethno-religious sentiment of the people while developing their messages, and appeal to their believes to embed their radical ideas[27]. Over the last few years, hate speeches and violent ideologies that spread through the internet triggered a number of terrorist attacks and communal violence in Bangladesh. This was evident in Ramu and Pabna incidents where mass attacks were carried out on religious minority people. In both cases, unidentified persons using pseudonyms posted doctored photos and messages on the Facebook defaming Islam that agitated people[28]. Social media have become the easiest means to spread radical ideas in Bangladesh. Bangladeshi youths are particularly vulnerable to online radicalization due to lack of cyber awareness. Farooq in his study opines, the terrorists seem to target the educated youths by spreading appealing messages on the Internet[29]. It is easier to radicalize the youths than the elders since they are more connected to the online world. Farooq also opines, many Bangladeshi youths at first just curiously run across radical contents, and gradually fall into the traps unconsciously. The concept of cyber awareness and related programs seem insufficient in Bangladesh. As a result, neither the youths nor their parents or guardians are aware about the online traps. Immediately after the terrorist attack at the Holey Artisan Bakery restaurant, RAB released a list of 261 missing youths across the country[30]. These missing youths are suspected to have joined various terrorist groups. The terrorists in Bangladesh attempt to build their radical narratives based on religious and socio-political contentious issues. Nirmal Ghosh opines, though Bangladesh is politically a secular country, the terrorist appeal to the Muslim majority population to make it an Islamic state under Sariah law[31]. They seem to exploit the religious sentiment of the people. These groups intentionally create fake photos with radical messages such as prosecution of Muslim Rohingyas and spread those on social media to instill communal violence in the country[32]. Furthermore, the extremists adeptly construct radical narratives on socio-economic disparity and political issues to create sympathizers. Bangladeshi Counter Radicalization Programs The Bangladesh government has implemented several plans and strategies to counter radicalization in the country. However, Abul Kalam argues that, the government has mostly implemented coercive approaches to minimize the terrorist threats[33]. Aynul Islam in his article, categorizes the government initiatives into two types: operational drives by the law and security forces, and legal initiatives[34]. The law enforcement agencies have achieved some success in disrupting few of the extremist groups. Many extremist leaders and activists have been arrested, put under trial. However, the terrorists online activities apparently remain undisrupted due to lack of government action. The National Monitoring Cell (NMC) monitors the suspicious online activities, but it has limited capacity and expert workforce. The government effort to shut down or censor few websites seem not very effective, because extremists innovate new ways to reach people. Moreover, it is difficult to identify and stop sec ret groups in social networking sites that contains radical ideas. Bangladesh government has enacted a few legislations to ensure the cyber security. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Act 2001, The ICT Act 2006, Digital Security Act 2016 (Draft) are at present the main legislations of Bangladesh to enforce cyber security. On 11 June 2008, the Anti-Terrorism Ordinance 2008 was approved by the government, and was amended in 2013[35]. The new counter terrorism legislation has kept maximum punishment a death sentence for terrorist activities. However, in most cases the laws have not been enforced against persons who carry out propaganda in the cyberspace. Bangladesh has number of agencies with counterterrorism cells. Islam opines, capabilities and activities of these agencies are not orchestrated[36]. Their roles are not specified, and efforts are fragmented. The Bangladesh Police, the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), armed forces and intelligence agencies are mainly responsible for fighting terrorism. All of these forces have counter terrorism cells, but they work separately. He further argues that, the police are not well equipped and trained to deal with the new trends of online terrorism. The intelligence agencies are essential apparatus in support of operational activities. The National Security Intelligence (NSI), the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), Special Branch (SB) of Police and the RAB intelligence wing have been working in Bangladesh to identify the potential threat sources. There is no set mechanism through which the forces can share intelligence and coordinate their collection eff orts. In May 2004, NSI constituted a separate body called counter terrorism cell to identify specific risk population and areas, and threat groups. The counter terrorism bureau of DGFI, has been working to evaluate, analyze, and frame counter terrorism policy at strategic and operational level[37]. Nonetheless, there is no overarching organization to synchronize these wide varieties of organizations in the country[38]. Islam in his article, Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh, identifies few key deficiencies of Bangladeshi programs to prevent radicalization[39]. First, Bangladesh has no set mechanism to monitor the internet for preventing radical ideas. He opines that there is a lack of knowledge and understanding of the threats that can spread through online. Neither the country has sufficient technological and organizational expertise, nor it has workable international cooperation for capacity building. Second, the law enforcement agencies do not have close link with the other service sectors or private sectors to identify suspicious activities. Third, the Bangladesh government is not sufficiently addressing strategic issues like de-radicalization and counter ideology. Fourth, there is a very limited initiative to educate professional groups like academics, media community, service sector officials, and political leaders to create general awareness. There is almost no community based programs in the country for developing cyber awareness. Fifth, the government overemphasizes coercive approaches in dealing with terrorism issues. There is no dedicated research institution in the government to provide forum for understanding and research on critical issues of terrorism like online radicalization. Although the counter terrorism bureau of DGFI is responsible for policy related activities, it is barely possible to formulate a viable strategy by a body of armed forces alone. Finally, he mentions that, in Bangladesh, strategies and policies are highly bureaucratic, ambiguous, and unaccountable[40]. References [1] Precht, Tomas. Homegrown Terrorism and Islamist Radicalisation in Europe: From Conversion to Terrorism. An Assessment of the Factors Influencing Violent Islamist Extremism and Suggestions for Counter Radicalisation Measures, Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Defence, 2008. [2] Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011. [3] Weimann, Gabriel. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006. [4] Neumann, Peter R. Options and Strategies for Countering Online Radicalization in the United States. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 2013. [5] Anwar al-Awlaki was a spokesperson and recruiter for Al Qaida. [6] Ines von Behr, AnaÃÆ'Â ¯s Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in The Digital Era. RAND Corporation, 2103. 17. [7] Briggs, Rachel and Alex Strugnell. Radicalisation: The Role of the Internet. Policy Planners Network Working Paper, London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2011. [8] Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65. [9] Torok, Robyn. Make a Bomb in Your Mums Kitchen: Cyber Recruiting and Socialisation of White Moors and Home Grown Jihadists. Edith Cowan University Research Online, 2010. [10] Bjelopera, Jerome P. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC: Congress Research Service, 2011, 101-102. [11] Weimann. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges. [12] Bjelopera. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. 101-102. [13] Bergin, Anthony. Countering Online Radicalisation in Australia. Australian Strategic Policy Institute Forum, 2009. [14] Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone IslamistÂÂ   Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011. [15] Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65. [16] Yeap, Su Yin and Jenna Park, Countering Internet Radicalisation: A Holistic Approach. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2010. 2. [17] Ines von Behr, AnaÃÆ'Â ¯s Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in the Digital Era. RAND Corporation 2013. P.20. [18] Silber, Mitchell D. and Arvin Bhatt. Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. New York: New York City Police Department, 2007. [19] Change Institute. Studies into Violent Radicalisation: Lot 2 The Beliefs Ideologies and Narratives. 2008. [20] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 6-7. [21] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 8. [22] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 8-9. [23] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 30. [24] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8. [25] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8. [26] Sobhan, Farooq. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 13. [27] Tanbir Uddin Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015. [28] Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015. [29] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 10. [30] Bdnews24.com. Web: http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/07/20/rab-releases-list-of-261-persons-missing-from-across-bangladesh. http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/battle-for-bangladeshs-soul-as-islamic-radicals-push-for-power [32] Tuhin Shubhra Adhikary and Wasim Bin Habib, Fake photos trolling, http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/fake-photos-trolling-1320613 [33] Kalam, Abul. The Challenges of Terrorism: Bangladesh Responses. Moni, SD. (ed) Responding to Terrorism in South Asia, Monohar, New Delhi, 2006. [34] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [35] The Daily Star, 18 June 2008. [36] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [37] Hussain, Sakhawat M. Capacity Building of Law Enforcement and Intelligence Agencies. Farooq Sobhan, ed, Counter Terrorism in Bangladesh. University Press Limited, Dhaka, 2008, p. 70. [38] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [39] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168. [40] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168.

The Art Of Keeping Cool :: essays research papers

The Art of keeping cool This story took place in 1942 during World War II; the war in Europe was threatening to come over to the United States. There were rumors flying about German submarines being spotted just off the coast and traitors being discovered only a few towns away. Therefore, if you were friends with a German, it would be a problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main characters are Robert and his cousin Elliot, there’s Robert’s mom, and his little 5 year-old sister, they lived in a farm but then they all went to Sachem’s Head to live with Robert’s grandparents, his aunt Nan and uncle Jake, just until his father returns from fighting overseas. His dad was a bomber pilot in Europe. Elliot, the cousin, was the ‘difficult’ type of person; he would put barricades and expect you to climb over them. Elliot would have his ‘personal world’, not letting others in easily, and he would ignore you if necessary, just so he could stay by himself, so he wouldn’t need to give any explanations to anyone. But he didn’t have many defenses, as mentioned in the story; Robert could look into his eyes and see everything he was feeling. There was a German artist who lived near the beach in a shack, Abel Hoffman, and he was suspected of being a Nazi spy, because he was always observing at the beach, but it was actually for his paintings. But Elliot was friends with Abel, because he wanted to learn how to paint just like Abel, but no one seemed to understand. Even Robert doubted about the German that was always observing the shore, worried about Elliot’s friendship with the artist, which could be a big problem at the time. Elliot’s house was full of secrets about the past of the family. Nobody in this house talked about Robert’s father; they wouldn’t even mention his name. Nobody even dares talking at all in the house. The grandfather was always angry and he was a mean-tempered person. What Robert wanted to know was what the whole family was hiding from him. He was always asking questions, even if it made his grandfather mad. It seemed that everyone else in the family knew something Robert didn’t, and that bothered him a lot, he would do anything to know about the secrets of his family’s past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war doesn’t just threaten to come to Sachem’s Head.

Chilly Morning. Essay -- essays research papers

There is a place where the chill of the morning air cuts through a person like a knife. To stand up would take every muscle of the body, but even that would take too much energy. Thus, one sits upon the icy pond called the floor. Is this a dream? Somewhere a voice answers that it is more like a nightmare, so one just makes the most of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All around the sights and sounds of the morning begin to take affect. Very few people are there in the beginning. They all are in a sleepy haze, yearning to be back in the sweet comforts of their own bed. There they can wrap themselves in a blanket of never ending warmth and dream a never ending dream. In the harsh reality of the morning, they are here in the chilly morning air. There are very few sounds in the twilight of the day. All that one can hear is the buzz of what is the beginning of talking. Far off there is the sound of an early morning basketball game. There the players can hear the cheering of the crowd of a championship ball game in its fourth quarter. Will they win? Who knows?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is some strange aroma that starts to wake the senses. In a nearby room there is a fresh, hot pot of coffee brewing. It begins to wake the senses and the mind, however, one still would rather be at home in bed. An awful stench begins to take the place of the coffee. The smell of breakfast begins to drift down from the kitchen. It has the aroma of mom cooking scrambled eggs. One begins to ...