My Brothers Departure free essay sample

Before my sibling and I split separated, we were in a similar school. Now and again, I would gloat to my companions that I have a greater sibling in the hight school zone. Now and again, my companions were envious of that and get some information about my sibling. Others well, they had a greater sibling and they would now and then ask me â€Å"Is your sibling truly comparable to you say he is†. I would answer â€Å"Not truly, yet it makes me look cool doesn’t it†. As I was glad for my sibling at school, he was truly irritating and could never give me what I needed. I abhorred him at home. I was left with him for the initial 10 years of my life. He would battle with me, bother me, and numerous other upsetting activities. He could never let me watch the TV. Not even on Fridays, which was the point at which my preferred kid's shows were playing. We will compose a custom article test on My Brothers Departure or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He wouldn’t even let me watch him game. There was this once when I was watching him play something many refer to as World Of Warcraft. At the point when I squeezed something since I was exhausted, he was extremely frantic. He conveyed me up and put me outside the room. Afterward, I understood I detached him from the server and he lost something that took him 3 hours to get. I felt somewhat upset for him, however he was my sibling, who cares right? At the point when I previously discovered that my sibling was leaving, I was so upbeat and loaded up with vitality I could run for quite a long time ceaselessly. From that point on, I went to class feeling better and educators would every so often ask me for what valid reason I’m in such a positive state of mind. I mentioned to them what I thought. They said I was youthful, uninformed, and idiotic in manners. Around then, I didn’t even realize what some of them implied. Much after I didn’t feel or believe that path until quite a while after. Following a couple of months when the real day sought my sibling to leave, I was crushed. I had felt nothing like it. It was the most grounded feeling I had ever felt. The inclination is and will consistently be indefinable with words, it’s something that you need to understanding to comprehend . My affections for my sibling had changed from â€Å"I abhor you, escape from me† to â€Å"Why would you say you are leaving? If it's not too much trouble don’t go, I’ll be the most delightful individual on the planet, if that’s what it takes†. For all the years he was in college, the more I considered him, the more grounded the feeling felt. At the point when it was the ideal opportunity for my sibling to return for excursion, I felt extremely cheerful. In any case, something very similar occurred, sooner or later after he returned, I wished he’d never returned. He transformed into the irritating trouble I knew when I was a kid once more. For what reason is it like this?

Feminism in Braided Lives :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Women's liberation in Braided Lives Marge Piercy is notable for her women's activist perspectives and mentalities all through her books. Twisted Lives is no special case. The epic follows Piercy's example of women's activist composition. The characters in the novel are casualties of society's wrongdoings towards ladies. The hero, Jill, manages numerous issues including assault and premature birth. Because of her own encounters with these issues, it turns into her enthusiasm to help other people in a similar circumstance. Jill continually endeavors to be in charge of her own life; this battle is another feature of the women's activist development. The objective of the novel is to "make its perusers give more consideration to the present assault on lawful fetus removal, and make them increasingly anxious to safeguard the endangered additions of the ladies' movement" (Pollitt 378). Jill and her female associates experience numerous troublesome circumstances including assault. At age 14, Jill is assaulted by her sweetheart Freddie. This happens when Jill is first finding her own sexuality and what her identity is. This experience affects Jill into adulthood. In the novel, she talks about this experience four years after the fact, when she is getting ready to leave for school. Jill reviews this occasion in distinctive detail. I see his face hard and furious and I recall the dread that grasped me on the kitchen floor when I understood he wasn't going to tune in to my firm noisy nos that time. Dread jerked me fiercely... (30). Jill's cousin and flat mate, Donna, is brutally assaulted by a townie. Donna comes to Jill after the assault has occurred. She has been beaten both truly and inwardly. Piercy portrays the assault and the consequence of the assault in extraordinary detail. devoting a few pages to depicting the terrible demonstrations. Jill won't walk out on Donna and medical attendants her back to wellbeing. Jill willingly volunteers to shield and secure Donna against the man who assaulted her. This is only one of commonly in which Jill guards and ensures her female companions against society for the duration of Braided Lives. Battling for a lady's appropriate for a premature birth turns into Jill's energy throughout everyday life. This is her very own consequence encounters and those of her companions. When Jill is a green bean in school she gets pregnant by her beau. Nor is prepared for the obligation of marriage or a kid.

Professional development for strategic managers Essay

Proficient advancement for key supervisors - Essay Example An individual must, obviously, continue the entirety of the commanded scholastic gifts related with the whole business esteem chain, including essential information on key arranging, execution, control and assessment. Further, the individual looking for the job of key chief must relate to social issues, the outside condition identified with partners/investors and shopper request, just as the crucial abilities that are given by sociological and mental educational programs. Outside of these scholastics based learnings are progressively mind boggling understandings of the self as it identifies with passionate knowledge, persuasive elements that drive objective fulfillment and learning, just as having a viable comprehension of character builds and learning style. There are endless scholars that can portray the frameworks perspective on the key administration process, anyway transposing hypothesis to down to earth application in reality business condition requires a capable mix of informa tion and self-comprehension. The report features writing in regards to explicit parts of making progress in the job of vital supervisor, enhanced by a frank self-examination of aptitudes improvement and abilities so as to decide qualities versus shortcomings in need parts of abilities related with vital hypothesis and application. The understudy made a pre-set rundown of measures, in view of meeting with significant optional asset contemplates, that would be generally basic for a fair self-appraisal. So as to completely gauge territories requiring advancement, the understudy expected to inspect the auxiliary, relational, social and versatile practices expected to turn into a fruitful vital administrator and pioneer. The appraisal, so as to make a reasonable and need self-improvement plan, required meeting with scholars and contextual investigations including change the executives, creating and assessing quality control frameworks, the psycho-social components of the board and relational relationship advancement, just as different writing on compelling instructing and learning as these are crucial in being a vital specialist. Other than the student’s numerous individual qualities in various zones, coming up next were distinguished as requiring re-evaluation and improvement to accomplish achievement in the key profession job. These include: The capacity to show others in group centered conditions Effective advancement of progress initiative way of thinking Teaching others to survey and break down subjective and quantitative research information Improvement of information with respect to social assorted variety standards Advanced improvement needs in psycho-social learnings for authority improvement Outside of the more auxiliary and frameworks perspective on vital

Assignment Question Discuss The Ways Business Essays - Free Essay Example

Culture denotes the way people lead their lives. Corrado (1996) says that culture has an impact on a persons life which can be seen in his consumption behavior also. For example Indians eat their food with their hands and some of them may lick their fingers too, whereas Chinese use chopsticks to ear noodles. An Englishman on the other hand may not relish his food until and fork and knife are given to him. All this forms a part of the culture which pervades all forms of living standards. As far as the definition of culture is concerned, culture is defined differently by different thinkers. For example, Hofstede (1980, P.21) defines culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from another. Tylor (1871) defined culture as that complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, laws, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Ronen (1986, p.18) sees culture as the frame of reference of individuals, and Harris and Moran (1987, p.102) discuss the mental frameworks which groups, organizations and nations develop. Kluckhohn (1951, p. 86) provides that the fundamental webs of culture constitute a patterned way of thinking, acting, feeling and interpreting. Hofstede (2001) defines culture as software of the mind which provides a guide for humans on how to think and behave Hill (2009) asserts that culture has an influence on conduct of international business and a marketer cannot succeed unless and until he understands the various cross cultural influences which have an influence on demand of consumers in the market. Impact of culture on International business and implications for Multinational enterprises Hollensen (2004) describe culture as the learned ways in which a society understands, decides and communicates. Daniel and Malhotra (1993), contends that culture differs among different countries and without keeping in mind the cross cultural characteristics which may have an impact on consumption pattern of consumers, an international marketer cannot succeed in the market. Thus culture has an important meaning for the international marketer and its implications for multinational enterprises can be understood through a number of examples which highlight the importance of understanding culture for an international marketer. Hill (2009) asserted that culture of a country influences the cost of doing business in a country. Prince and Hoppe (2004) say that a company incurs heavy cost of doing business in a foreign country if it enters the country without understanding the culture of the host country. Hill (2009) demonstrates that a multinational corporation should know that there are d ifferences in work related practices in different countries. For example, there are some cultures which observe more holidays than others. A company entering such a cultural backdrop must adjust the scheduling of labor accordingly even if this involves extra costs. Hofstede (1980) in his study at International business machines (IBM) have identified that an international marketer needs to understand four dimensions before entering into a new territory. These four dimensions include power distance, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity versus femininity. Hofstede (1980) argued that different countries have different scores on the above four variables. In his study, Hofstede (1980) rated twenty countries on a scale of 0 to 100. Hofstede (1980) showed that an international marketer before targeting a country should keep the scores in mind and accordingly formulate marketing strategy to target the market. Hill (2009) asserts that modification of str ategies by an international marketer will result in his success in the market. For example two different economies which consist of Pakistan and Arab countries represent more masculine and collective countries compared with feminine and individual North Europe, and as a result there are also some systematic differences in their values. An international marketer cannot target the countries in Pakistan and Arab economies with the same products as is done in case of North Europe. Hofstede (1980) further contends that culture includes values, norms, religion, language and social class in the society. All these cross cultural characteristics have to be kept in mind by the international marketer before targeting these countries. Hofstede five dimension model is shown below: (Source: https://www.provenmodels.com/files/d616c20f1759b51f1e57bf17ee4cafcc/five_dimensions_of_culture.gif) In 2001, Hofstede expanded his concept of culture by including a fifth dimension to the above four dime nsions. This dimension was termed as Confucian Dynamism or Long term Orientation by Hofstede. Hofstede (2001) contended that the dimension of Confucian Dynamism deals with the aspect of individual countries towards time, persistence, respect for traditions and reciprocation of gifts and favors among the individuals in the country. Hofstede in his initial study has highlighted the fundamental building blocks of culture. Hofstede (1980) contended that culture includes values and norms. Values are concerned with ideas as to what society believes to be good, right and desirable (Hofstede 1980) According to Hofstede; values include the attitude of individuals towards their freedom, loyalty, justice, responsibility and personal relations. On the other hand norms are the rules and regulations which prescribe the behaviors which should be followed by individuals in certain situations. Hofstede (1980) has contended that by understanding the cultural dimensions a company can target the consum ers by providing products which suit to the culture of respective country. There are many examples of companies which have gained success in the market by understanding the culture of the country. Cross cultural issues have an impact on multinational enterprises because they influence the cost of doing business in the country. These examples highlight the importance of considering cross cultural issues which need to be understood by the marketers before framing adequate marketing strategies for targeting the company. For example, Shoji (1991) discussed the case of DeBeers which is a raw diamond supplier in many countries. Shoji (1991) showed how by understanding the cross cultural differences the company gained success in a situation which was deemed as failure. The company ran its advertisement of diamonds in Japan that showed western couples in evening dress which shows the standard mentality that equates diamond with grandeur. The company analyzed that its advertisement is not re sulting in addition of its sales. The company through a thorough analysis of Japanese culture learnt that Japanese woman do not smile and kiss their husbands when they receive diamonds as presents. Instead they shed a few tears and pretend they are angry at their husband for spending so much money. This presented the need for chaining advertisement by DeBeers to suit to the culture of the Japan. The company changed its Christmas campaign and showed a tired wage earner and his hard working wife in their tiny apartment. Upon receiving the sparkling present, she snaps at her extravagant spouse by saying Oh, You stupid! This advertisement was a marketing success, boosting the popularity of diamonds in Japan and showed the importance of understanding cross cultural issues by a multinational enterprise. Another example of not understanding cross cultural issues can be analyzed in the case of Ford (Kwintessential article 2008). The company introduced its new car Pinto in Brazil. The com pany observed that it has very good features but still its sale is not increasing. The company analyzed the reasons and find that its sales does not pick up because Brazilians did not want to be seen driving a car meaning tiny male genitals which was the meaning of Pinto in language of Brazil. The company changed the name of the car and observed that the car gained popularity in Brazil. Cassie (2007) in his article highlighted that even small products like a curling iron are inhibited by language. For example, Clairols Mist Stick forgot that Mist is a German slang word for manure. This resulted in failure of products. The thorough analysis of culture which includes language, religion, rituals and values and norms influences the cost of doing business in the country. Kwintessential article (2008) highlight that culture is the reason why many hotels in the USA or UK do not have a room number 13. Another example is of Nippon Airways which is operating in Japan and it do not have seat n umber 4 or 9 not considered auspicious Kwintessential article (2008). The article shows that apart from language, a company needs to be careful in using images also for the various advertisement campaigns. For example at one place the image may appear to be very attractive but the same image may result in retaliation in another country. It is very common to see the pictures of women wearing bikinis in advertisement posters in UK and US but such images would result in outrage and retaliation in Middle East. Another example of a mismatch between culture and product of a country can be seen in Africa where majority of food products sellers often show the pictures of food in the package because majority of people cannot read English. In this scenario, Gerber introduced its baby food with the picture of a cute little baby on the carton. This created horror in Africa among the consumers. The company has to change the carton to suit to the market. All these examples shows the need of under standing culture before introducing new products, new marketing or advertisement campaigns in a country and the inability of the company to follow this will result in failure of products as well as rise in cost of doing business in the country. An international marketer needs to understand the cross cultural issues apart from just understanding the economic environment of the host country. Culture has an influence on cost of doing business in a country and the failure or inability to understand cultural differences between countries has been the cause of many of the business and product failures. There are many examples of companies which have gained success or failure as a result of understanding or failure to understand cross cultural issues in international marketing arena. Hofstede (1980, 2001) in his model has identified the importance of understanding the various dimensions of culture by a marketer who is entering into a foreign market. In his studies of 40 countries, he has r ated various countries on the different dimensions of culture and has shown that before targeting a new country, an international marketer should ensure that culture of the country should be understood otherwise it would result in failure of product and loss of investment for the company.

Analysis of Managing Employment Relations Oxford Health Care International (OHCI) Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This theory posits that employee self-satisfaction holds the key to a peaceful workplace(Bruce, 2011). Autonomy in performing their daily work is a major ingredient in achieving employee satisfaction(Bruce, 2011). The primary job of management is to create an environment in which employees derive satisfaction from their involvement with the firm(Bruce, 2011). A primary way through which management can create that kind of environment is by ensuring employees influence the way they are governed. Management should also create opportunities for employees to improve their skills. While OHCI MD would like to believe that all the company s employees enjoy the same status, something that should contribute to their satisfaction, there is evidence that the contrary is happening: employees are getting more demoralized and quitting as a result (Anon. , n. d.). As far as employee skills improvement is concerned, the company is doing virtually nothing. For instance, while the company is busy repl acing old computers with new ones, the move is not accompanied with any training. As a result, many employees struggle to use the new machines (Anon. , n. d.). Human Resource Management Theory The essence of the HRM theory of employment relations is a collaboration between managers and employees to achieve the firm s goals(Itika, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Managing Employment Relations: Oxford Health Care International (OHCI) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In the area of communication, OHCI performs poorly; in the past years, there have been only three personal letters by the two MDs addressed to staff.

The Effects Of Media On Children s Behavior - 2434 Words

Definition What is media? Defined by Oxford Dictionaries, the media is â€Å"The main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers) regarded collectively† (Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 1). The media can have a vast array of influences on children whether they are positive or negative. Research shows that despite the positive influences it also raises negative implication ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬s on children’s behaviour, habits and ways of thinking through themes such as violence and aggression, sex, substance use, eating disorders, developmental concerns and school performance. Although the media may not be the leading cause to these problems, research has proven that it is a significant factor (Strasburger, Jordan Donnerstein, 2010). Justification for the selection of this issue According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) an estimated 2.2 million children, in 2009, were reported using the internet and the percentage of children using the internet increased with age, 60% of 5-8 year olds which increases to 96% of 12-14 year olds. In 2009, coming in first, the internet was used by 85% of children for educational activities and then 69% of children used the internet for online games. 48% of 12-14 year old children visited or used social networking sites, and decreasing with age, with 11% of children aged 9-11 and 3% of children aged 5-8 using social networking sites. Source: ABS, Children’s participation in Cultural and Leisure activities, Australia,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On People1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on People Media violence impacts the physical aggression of human beings. It is one of the many potential factors that influence the risk for violence and aggression. Research has proven that aggression in children will cause the likelihood of aggression in their adulthood. Theories have evolved that the violence present in the media most likely teaches the viewer to be more violent. It is a risky behavior that is established from the childhood. Furthermore, media violenceRead MoreEffects of Media on Children Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe radio? The answer for most would be: not much. The media has carefully made its way into our everyday lives, and even made its use almost necessary. It is safe to say than an average person is exposed to the media several times a day. However, how many times have you actually paused and thought about its effects on us? Most would say: rarely, or close to never. More than that, have you thought about its effects on our children? How is media today affect ing little Suzy, or baby Johnny? LivingRead MoreWhy Do Some People Pay Attention?1346 Words   |  6 Pagessome people pay attention to certain models and not others? Why do people imitate the same behavior differently? These are the questions Bandura (1977) attempted to answer in identifying some of the variables that influence the modeling process. Characteristics of the model, for example, determine to some extent whether or not they will be imitated. Models who are more similar to the person observing the behavior are more likely to be imitated, thus girls tend to imitate others of their same gender,Read MoreLiterature Review On Media Violence1461 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review. E. Langslow Trends across research suggest exposure to media violence positively correlates with subsequent violent behaviour In this era of internet connectivity, access to an array of violent media stimuli is readily available. Scientific exploration of the effects of such exposure on real world violent behaviour carries potential ramifications for the safety of global communities. Media violence is understood here as stimuli that includes depictions of violenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 Pagesforms of the media. This research will be on violence in the media and does it affect our society. How we view television, has changed the world, no doubt in that. Turn your television set on and pick a channel at random; the odds are that half of the programs you come across will contain violent material. The statistics are overwhelming as I look on the internet, read articles, and look at the research. One of the things that most interests me in the violence on television, is the effects it has onRead MoreViolent Media And The Aggressive Generation1116 Words    |  5 PagesMatthew Taylor Ms. Cowburn AP Language 12 June 2017 Violent Media and The Aggressive Generation It Has Established The creation of visual and active forms of media has caused debate and discussion over the effects it has on the brain. The effects of media on the brain are of concern regarding children specifically, as their minds are still developing. Questions of the severity and impact have intrigued parents, scientists, and lawmakers. The first committee on this issue, the Surgeon GeneralsRead MoreMass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life989 Words   |  4 PagesMass media is an integral part of everyday life. Society depends on the various forms of media for information, education, and personal entertainment. Mass media positively and negatively influences beliefs, values, and expands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negativelyRead MoreMedia Violenca and Its E ffects1668 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Violence It’s Effects The lives of our youth are being ruined because of the violence in today’s media. This is the view held by many people in our society today. Many psychologists believe that violence on television, movies and other forms of media have a negative effect on children, while others believe media violence has no effect on children. The reality is that children tend to emulate the behavior that they see in the media they are exposed too. The media can have a powerful influenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior1590 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discus sed the relationship between usage of violent media and aggressive behaviors in adolescentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 Pagesviewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothing new. For more than thirty years this topic has presented itself with more than a thousand

Public Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Development. Answer: Overview Terry et al., (2000) briefly presented the research study clearly in an informative manner of the study designing, study findings that help readers to decide whether the paper is suitable for referring and reading purposes. The issue addressed in the paper is the association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. In people with long-term GER illness, the risk for carcinoma increases by 40 folds in gastric cardia and esophageal cancer. According to Karimi et al., (2014) the incidence of gastric cardia and esophagus adenocarcinoma has risen in Western Europe and United States including Sweden in recent years. Among all reasons, the study highlighted the role of GER in esophageal adenocarcinoma development. There is paucity of data that illustrates association between GER and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma as a previous study showed weaker associations, however, medical records showed occurrence of GER (Pohl et al., 2013). Moreover, several foods cause temporary reflux symptoms where relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) takes place. Therefore, the present study was aimed at determining the association between these foods with risk for esophageal adenocar cinoma or gastric cardia. The participants who were newly diagnosed with gastric cardia (n=313) or esophagus carcinoma (n=216) were eligible for the study. From Swedish population, randomly selection was done for case control subjects after the inclusion or exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 cases of cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and 815 controls. All the participants were subjected to one-to-one interviews with interviewers and a structured food frequency questionnaire was used. The questionnaire comprised of 63 beverage and food items that was used for the evaluation of dietary habits 20 years before the interview. It comprised of frequency of consumption, last daily meal, and average meal size of the seven common Swedish meals. Apart from this dietary assessment, the other exposures include reflux tertiles consisting of chocolate and time of last meal, fruit juice and reflux symptoms studied for regurgitation, heartburn or absent at the time of assessment, severity and frequency. The dieta ry assessment compared the case group with control group and studied how frequently LES relaxing foods gives rise to chronic reflux symptoms among the sufferers as compared to controls. The outcome of the exposure was that there was no association found between dietary factors that cause LES relaxation and adenocarcinoma risk of esophageal cancer and gastric cardia. This might be possible as sufferers that cause LES relaxation might avoid these foods (Sethi Richter, 2017). The outcome of exposure showed no association between LES relaxation caused by dietary factors and risk for esophageal malignancy. The study design is nationwide population-based case control study in Sweden that was studied with 250 and 185 gastric cardia and esophageal malignancy cases respectively and 815 controls. This design is a type of epidemiological observational study where two groups (case and control) groups are identified and comparison is done to identify the factors that contribute to a particular medical condition (Breslow, 2014). In the given article, case group (newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardia) and control group were compared for the identification of dietary factors that contribute to risk for gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of esophagus. The study population was a nationwide Swedish case-control study of age below 80 years who lived between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The case group participants for the study comprised of newly diagnosed patients with gastric cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The control group was selected randomly from the Swedish population register that matched gender and age among the cases. Therefore, after the exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and controls (815) were taken for the study. The main finding of the paper was that there was no association between LES-relaxing foods and chronic reflux symptoms, however, it might have happened due to avoidance of these reflux causing foods among the sufferers. Moreover, there was no association found between dietary factors associated with risk for gastric or esophagus cardia. This finding indicates that LES relaxation in dietary factors and transient GER are not associated with risk of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is no such future study implication, although previous study showed eating habits and consumption of foods with relaxed LES or temporary GER were not related with adenocarcinoma risk of gastric cardia and esophagus. However, the paper findings indicated that dietary factors associated with transient GER and LES relaxation are not related with risk of gastric cardia or esophageal malignancy. Internal validity Yes, the author has studied the confounding variables in this study that might have an outside influence changing the effect of the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the dietary factors and variable of reflux symptoms like heartburn or regurgitation are dependent on it. The results of study conducted by Terry et al., (2000) are likely to be affected by confounding variables. LES-relaxing foods associated with dietary factors were studied in the sample population; however, the subject characteristics suggested that other factors also influenced the study findings. Men were 86% and 83% of the cases and controls respectively. Among the case group, tobacco smoking was higher with gastric cardia or adenocarcinoma of oesophagus as compared to controls that had lowest history of tobacco smoking. In addition, median BMI was higher among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma in case group as compared to control group having low median BMI. Alcohol drinkin g was also more prevalent among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients as compared to controls. This illustrates that these confounding variables are likely to affect the result findings, as dietary factors are not only the variable that increases the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus or gastric cardia. Researchers in their study have mentioned these confounding variables in their study that may have damaged the internal validity of the experiment (Szklo Nieto, 2014). These third variables were no controlled or eliminated by the researchers in the study. In the study, dietary factors that affect LES-relaxation increase the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus and gastric cardia. In this dietary factors is independent variable and increased adenocarcinoma risk is the dependent variable, however, other variables like alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high median BMI are other variables that affected the dependent variable. This confounding variable may have an effect on the risk of adenocarcinoma rather than only dietary factors. The author has explicitly explained the confounding variables in their study explaining the characteristics of subjects in the results. The results are also affected by bias, as there was potential measurement error in exposure as the questionnaire comprised of questions associated with dietary habits of the participants in last two decades prior to interview (Vandenbroucke et al., 2014). The result findings were weakened by non-differential measurement error of exposure. The dietary factors were only studied in the study that fulfilled the research aim and accordingly, the questionnaire comprised of questions about reflux symptoms two decades before interview that assessed the factor with a possible latency period before cancer occurrence. There is possibly limitation of the data collection due to potential measurement error in the exposure. However, this bias was used for gathering data that is relevant to GER that was useful to detect increased risk with reflux symptoms based on severity, presence and duration (Levy Lemeshow, 2013). Looking into the issues and bias witnessed in case-control studies, there is selection, incident, sources of cases and selection of controls. The selection of cases in the study showed that there were more males than females comprised of 83% controls and 86% cases being baseline subject characteristics. Selection bias is a major problem in case control studies that depicts non-comparability between controls and cases. Cases or controls for the study are selected based on some characteristic that is exhibited related to exposure to risk factor (Fithian Hastie, 2014). In the given research study, the cases are selected who are unrepresentative of the general population producing cases. However, case control study is designed to select controls that represent population producing cases. Incident case is another bias observed in this case-control study during a particular period as the cases comprised of newly diagnosed patients with 313 and 216 gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of oeso phagus respectively studied between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The incident cases use is preferential for the researchers as recall of exposure is accurate among the newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma cases for esophagus and gastric cardia (Geneletti et al., 2013). However, it is easy to assess the temporal sequence of intervention or exposure and disease among the newly diagnosed or incident cases. Sources of cases are another issue observed in this study as the sample recruitment is also biased. In the present study, the sample is recruited from Swedish register being population based. The research study is population based nationwide case control study and it has major limitations, as it is difficult to conduct and is more expensive. The selection of controls is also biased as it is an inherent issue in case-control studies (van Rein et al., 2014). The controls used in this kind of study design are subjected to estimate the prevalence of exposure in population that give rise to cases. Hence, the control group is selected randomly from the general population that gives rise to cases. However, in practical, this condition is not possible, as the control group, selection should also be subjected to same exposure status as cases in absence of exposure and disease association (Sedgwick, 2015). For minimizing bias, controls need to be selected from a representative sample among the population from which cases are produced. The controls must have been selected from Swedish population register only as the cases. Exposure and outcome According to Bradford-Hill criteria, the stronger the association between risk factor and outcome, the relationship is likely to become causal (Boniface, Scannell Marlow, 2017). In the given study, there is no relationship between dietary factors causing LES relaxation and risk for oesophagus adenocarcinoma risk and gastric cardia. Another criterion that can be suggested is that risk occurred before exposure that cannot be plausible suggesting there is no causal association between exposure and outcome (VanderWeele et al., 2016). Moreover, there is no consistency in the findings, as the same findings are not observed among different populations. Previous findings suggested strong relationship between foods that cause LES-relaxation (dietary factors) and risk for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia, however, this study showed no association between dietary factors and adenocarcinoma risk. There is also lack of specificity of association where there is no one to one relation ship between cause and outcome. The temporal sequence of association is also not observed, as exposure did not precede outcome where the sample were already exposed to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia before studying the outcome (Marshall Galea, 2014). The study did not suggest any biological gradient association as the changes in adenocarcinoma rates did not follow corresponding exposure changes that are dietary factors being dose dependent (Vandenbroucke, Broadbent Pearce, 2016). The biological plausibility is also not explained in the study, as there was no explanation of any potential biological mechanism. The results showed no association between dietary factors causing LES relaxation associated with gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the findings suggested no association between LES relaxation and risk for gastric cardia or oesophageal malignancy. External validity External validity is another great challenge in case-control studies as it occurs due to systematic error. It is defined as the ability to generalize results to a wider population setting (Allodi Massacci, 2014). The inferences made in the cause-effect relationships from specific study that are externally valid can be generalized to the wider population (Woolcock, 2013). The results obtained in the present study cannot be generalized to other population as the samples are large obtained from single geographic location (Sweden). This is the reason that the conclusions drawn from the cause-effect relationship cannot be applied to other geographical locations. The food avoidance among the sufferers is a possible consequence that narrowed the exposure range. The reflux-promoting foods like garlic, onion and citrus may have anti-carcinogenic properties negating harmful effects of reflex symptoms. Moreover, the previous studies examined the diet factors and risk for cancers, however, the present study only comprised of few dietary aspects that caused reflux symptoms. This can be one reason that the conclusions drawn from the study cannot be generalized to the wider population. However, the present study results do not contradict the pervious results that there is a strong relationship between severity and frequency of reflux associated with risk of gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the results suggest that in the general population, reflux symptoms are not a public health issue, rather a consequence of the adenocarcinoma condition. The response rates of controls and cases are related to LES-relaxing foods that is called recall bias or differential misclassification that explain negative findings of the study. The hypotheses regarding mint, chocolate, coffee, portion size and time of last daily meal are unknown among the public and that might have elicited differential recall between control and case subjects in the study. Although, the response rates were high as compared to previous findings of dietary factors associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a high degree of differential participation in exposure could have cause bias results away or towards unity. The discussion section of the paper is explained beautifully depicting results of the study article lacking external validity, as the sample is not representative in the general population. The sample consisted of population from Sweden with self-reported recurrent reflux symptoms before interview and no considerations regarding low mean basal pressure or dyspepsia. The association between reflux producing foods with respect to gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma is not addressed properly in the study and this is the reason, it cannot be generalized into other population settings. In addition, the time of last meal before bedtime, average portion size of meal were not related to adenocarcinoma risk of oesophagus and gastric cardia. This issue is witnessed in the nationwide population case study in Sweden that are addressed in the paper. Proper explanations are given for the result findings showing no association with adenocarcinoma risk with good discussion of the strengths of the paper, however, the limitations are not addressed explicitly. References Allodi, L., Massacci, F. (2014). Comparing vulnerability severity and exploits using case-control studies.ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC),17(1), 1. Boniface, S., Scannell, J. W., Marlow, S. (2017). Evidence for the effectiveness of minimum pricing of alcohol: a systematic review and assessment using the Bradford Hill criteria for causality.BMJ open,7(5), e013497. Breslow, N. E. (2014). Case-control studies. InHandbook of epidemiology(pp. 293-323). Springer New York. Fithian, W., Hastie, T. (2014). Local case-control sampling: Efficient subsampling in imbalanced data sets.Annals of statistics,42(5), 1693. Geneletti, S., Best, N., Toledano, M. B., Elliott, P., Richardson, S. (2013). Uncovering selection bias in casecontrol studies using Bayesian post?stratification.Statistics in medicine,32(15), 2555-2570. Karimi, P., Islami, F., Anandasabapathy, S., Freedman, N. D., Kamangar, F. (2014). Gastric cancer: descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and prevention.Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers,23(5), 700-713. Levy, P. S., Lemeshow, S. (2013).Sampling of populations: methods and applications. (pp 380-389) John Wiley Sons. Marshall, B. D., Galea, S. (2014). Formalizing the role of agent-based modeling in causal inference and epidemiology.American journal of epidemiology,181(2), 92-99. Pohl, H., Wrobel, K., Bojarski, C., Voderholzer, W., Sonnenberg, A., Rsch, T., Baumgart, D. C. (2013). Risk factors in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.The American journal of gastroenterology,108(2), 200-207. Sedgwick, P. (2015). Bias in observational study designs: case-control studies.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),350. Sethi, S., Richter, J. E. (2017). Diet and gastroesophageal reflux disease: role in pathogenesis and management.Current opinion in gastroenterology,33(2), 107-111. Szklo, M., Nieto, J. (2014).Epidemiology. (pp. 350-358) Jones Bartlett Publishers. Terry, P., Lagergren, J., Wolk, A., Nyrn, O. (2000). Reflux-Inducing Dietary Factors and Risk ofAdenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Nutrition and cancer, 38(2), 186-191. van Rein, N., Cannegieter, S. C., Rosendaal, F. R., Reitsma, P. H., Lijfering, W. M. (2014). Suspected survivor bias in casecontrol studies: stratify on survival time and use a negative control.Journal of clinical epidemiology,67(2), 232-235. Vandenbroucke, J. P., Broadbent, A., Pearce, N. (2016). Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach.International journal of epidemiology,45(6), 1776-1786. Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., ... STROBE Initiative. (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration.International journal of surgery,12(12), 1500-1524. VanderWeele, T. J., Hernn, M. A., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., Robins, J. M. (2016). Re: Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach.International journal of epidemiology,45(6), 2199-2200. Woolcock, M. (2013). Using case studies to explore the external validity of complexdevelopment interventions.Evaluation,19(3), 229-248.

The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a nove Essay Example For Students

The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a nove Essay The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a novel where the setting was the major factor in the plot of the story. If this had taken place in any other area, like Canada, there would not have even been as story because slavery did not exist there. Therefore the South was the prime region to have this plot revolve around. Everything contained here contributed to the actions of the characters, which will be explained in the following paragraphs. The setting was such an important influence because, like I said before, it took place down in the South. This is where slavery was at its peak and was used and abused by almost every citizen. The black race was treated harshly just because of their color. They were beaten, over-worked, and disrespected. Most of them were illiterate as well which did not help one bit. In turn they could not make intelligent decisions, better yet pursue what they wanted. Even if they had that ability though, that option was not available because they were black. We will write a custom essay on The book, Uncle Toms Cabin was obviously a nove specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The details of the setting that influenced the actions of the characters were, again, the time period and where it took place. However this was not the only thing that persuaded the characters because they influenced each other. The citizens followed the crowd and did not have their own opinions. If some persons idea differed from that of the majority, he/she would not dare speak up because they feared rejection. Legree was one of the people looked up to and respected even though what he was dong was totally wrong. Since he had power and money though, he was admired. The only three people that actually did take a stand, if you will, were George Shelby Jr., Augustine St. Clare, and his daughter, Evangeline. These three characters opposed slavery and tried to do something about it. (Unfortunately, though, the St. Clares efforts were diminished because they both died). They were the citizens that should have been looked up to and followed. Specific examples that show the settings influence on the characters were all over the book. The next three excerpts will give you an illustration of them. This first passage was at the very beginning of the book when Mr. Legree was inside of the Shelbys house, trying to make a deal on slaves. See, the Shelbys were in debt at the moment and the only way that they could make some money was to sell some of their slaves. This family was very nice indeed to their slaves and took care of them well so the last thing that they wanted to do was sell them off, but in order to keep the plantation functioning, money was needed. Therefore, Mr. Legree was going to buy ten male slaves of his choice. One out of his ten happened to be Elizas (Mrs. Shelbys housekeeper) little son, Harry. He was only buying Harry to anger Eliza because he had actually wanted her, but could not have her. This next passage describes his personality and that of the other slave traders. Lor bless ye, yes! These critters ant like white folks, you know; they gets over things, only manage right. Now, they say, said Haley, assuming a candid and confidential air, that this kind o trade is hardening to the feelings; but I never found it so. Fact is, I never could do things up the way some fellersmanage the business. Ive seen em as would p7ll a womans child out her arms, and wset him up tos ell, and she screechin like mad all the time; very bad policy damages the article makes em quite unfit for service sometimes. I knew a real handsome gal once, in Orleans, as was entirely ruined by this sort o handling. The fellow that was trading for her didnt want her handling. The fellow that was trading for her didnt want her baby; and she was one of your real high sort, when hr blood was up. I tell you, she squeezed up her child in her arms, and talked, and went on real awful. It kinder makes my blood run cold to think ont; and when they carried off the child, and

Biography of Augusto Pinochet, Chiles Military Dictator

Biography of Augusto Pinochet, Chile's Military Dictator Augusto Pinochet (November 25, 1915–December 10, 2006) was an army officer and dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. His years in power were marked by inflation, poverty, and the ruthless repression of opposition leaders. Pinochet was involved in Operation Condor, a cooperative effort by several South American governments to remove leftist opposition leaders, often by murder. Several years after stepping down, he was charged with war crimes concerning his time as president but died in 2006 before being convicted on any charges. Fast Facts: Augusto Pinochet Known For: Dictator of ChileBorn: Nov. 25, 1915 in Valparaiso, ChileParents: Augusto Pinochet Vera, Avelina Ugarte MartinezDied: Dec. 10, 2006 in Santiago, ChileEducation: Chilean War AcademyPublished Works: The Crucial DaySpouse: Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guezChildren: Augusto Osvaldo, Jacqueline Marie, Lucà ­a, Marco Antonio, Marà ­a Verà ³nicaNotable Quote: Everything I did, all my actions, all of the problems I had I dedicate to God and to Chile, because I kept Chile from becoming Communist. Early Life Pinochet was born on Nov. 25, 1915, in Valparaiso, Chile to descendants of French settlers who had come to Chile more than a century before. His father was a middle-class government worker. The eldest of six children, Pinochet married Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guez in 1943 and they had five children. He entered Chilean War Academy when he turned 18  and graduated in four years as a sub-lieutenant. Military Career Begins Pinochet rose quickly through the ranks despite the fact that Chile was never at war during his military career. In fact, Pinochet never saw combat while he was in the military; the closest he came was as the commander of a detention camp for Chilean Communists. Pinochet lectured at the War Academy and wrote five  books on politics and warfare. By 1968, he was promoted to brigadier general. Pinochet and Allende In 1948, Pinochet met future President Salvador Allende, a young Chilean senator who was a socialist. Allende had come to visit the concentration camp then run by Pinochet, where many Chilean Communists were being held. In 1970, Allende was elected president, and he promoted Pinochet to be commander of the Santiago garrison. Over the next three years, Pinochet proved invaluable to Allende by helping put down opposition to Allende’s economic policies, which were devastating the nation’s economy. Allende promoted Pinochet to commander-in-chief of all Chilean armed forces in August 1973. The Coup of 1973 Allende, as it turned out, had made a grave mistake by putting his trust in Pinochet. With the people in the streets and the countrys economy in shambles, the military moved to take over the government. On Sept. 11, 1973, less than three weeks after he had been made the commander-in-chief, Pinochet directed his troops to take Santiago, the capital, and he ordered an airstrike on the presidential palace. Allende died defending the palace, and Pinochet was made part of a four-man ruling junta led by the commanders of the army, air force, police, and navy. Later, he seized absolute power. Operation Condor Pinochet and Chile were heavily involved in Operation Condor, a collaborative effort among the governments of Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay to control leftist dissidents such as the MIR, or Movement of the Revolutionary Left, in Bolivia, and the Tupamaros, a band of Marxist revolutionaries that operated in Uruguay. The effort consisted mainly of a series of kidnappings, disappearances, and assassinations of prominent opponents of the right-wing regimes in those countries. The Chilean DINA, a feared secret police force, was one of the driving organizations behind the operation. It is unknown how many people were killed during Operation Condor, but most of the estimates range well into the thousands. The Economy Pinochet’s team of U.S.-educated economists, who were known as â€Å"the Chicago Boys,† advocated lowering taxes, selling state-run businesses, and encouraging foreign investment. These reforms led to sustained growth, prompting the phrase â€Å"The Miracle of Chile.† However, the reforms also led to a decline in wages and a spike in unemployment, and there was a severe recession from 1980 to 1983. Steps Down In 1988, a nationwide referendum on Pinochet resulted in a majority of the people voting to deny him another term as their president. Elections were held in 1989 and the opposition candidate, Christian Democrat  Patricio Aylwin, was victorious. However, Pinochet’s supporters continued to hold enough influence in the Chilean parliament to block many proposed reforms. Pinochet remained in office until Aylwin was installed as president on March 11, 1990, although as an ex-president he remained a senator for life. He also kept his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Legal Troubles and Death Pinochet might have been out of the limelight, but the victims of Operation Condor did not forget about him. In October 1998, he was in the United Kingdom for medical reasons. Seizing upon his presence in a country with an extradition treaty, his opponents brought charges against him in a Spanish court in connection with the  torture  of Spanish citizens in Chile during his rule. He was charged with several counts of murder, torture, and kidnapping. The charges were dismissed in 2002 on the grounds that Pinochet, by then in his late 80s, was too unhealthy to stand trial. Further charges were brought against him in 2006, but Pinochet died on December 10 of that year in Santiago before the prosecution could proceed. Legacy   Many Chileans are divided on the topic of their former dictator. Some say they see him as a savior who rescued them from the socialist policies of Allende and who did what had to be done in a turbulent time to prevent anarchy and communism. They point to the growth of the economy under Pinochet and claim he was a patriot who loved his country. Others say he was a ruthless despot directly responsible for thousands of murders, in most cases for no more than thought crimes. They believe his economic success was not all it seemed because unemployment was high and wages were low during his rule. Regardless of these differing views, it is undeniable that Pinochet was one of the most important figures of the 20th century in South America. His involvement in Operation Condor made him the poster boy for violent dictatorship, and his actions led many in his country never to trust their government again.   Sources Dinges, John. The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents. Paperback, Reprint edition, The New Press, June 1, 2005.ï » ¿The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2018). Augusto Pinochet: President of Chile.

Central banks and monetary policy Research Paper - 1

Central banks and monetary policy - Research Paper Example The main purpose of a central bank is, briefly, to supervise a nation's currency. This is attained by setting monetary policy. Following are the five important objectives of central banks; Price Stability: The main objective of a central bank is price stability, or in other words, a stable and low rate of inflation. â€Å"Price stability is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%.The Governing Council has also clarified that, in the pursuit of price stability, it aims to maintain inflation rates below, but close to, 2% over the medium term† (The Definition of Price Stability n.d para 2). Conversely, the existing view between economists is that in the long run, given that inflation is stable and low, monetary policy only influences nominal aggregates, for instance inflation, the nominal exchange rate and nominal interest rates, and not only their long-term development levels in actual terms. In the long run monetary policy consequently controls its monetary value, which are general prices. Real Stable Growth: In the banking system of urbanized countries there is a stable connection between various interest rates. The lowest price is the one charged to banks by the central bank. â€Å"This rate is normally 1-2.5 percent higher than the rate of inflation, depending on the monetary policy stance.† (Trade and Development Report 2008 by United Nations Conference On Trade and Development 2008). In actual terms, all these rates stay close to the actual growth rate of the financial system. One of the most significant circumstances for successful growth is the growth of various sectors including, the financial sector, which cannot deviate enduringly from the growth of price added of the financial system as a whole. Financial Stability: Financial stability illustrates the situation where the financial intermediation method functions easily, and where there is assurance in the operatio n of important financial organizations and markets within the financial system. Central banks have traditionally played an important role in the management of economic crises, lending to solvent, other than illiquid organizations as a last resort, still if this role has rarely been buttressed or formalized by legal authorities. Central banks consequently have objectives that are reliable with a leading role in a special resolution regime. They can also organize tools that are already in their area (LOLR) to maintain financial stability. They can, additionally, draw on expertise in the study of financial stability, containing the significant ability to measure the crash in markets, payment methods, and the financial communications at large. Interest Rate Stability: Interest rates provide global savers a reason to transfer money from one country to another in search of the safest and the highest yields. The central bank must support interest rate stability in short term and long term maturities. The short term rates are simple enough to understand that a central bank controls the discount rate, and that it can strongly target the federal funds price. Long term rates can be straightly targeted by central banks, other than that the latter typically favor to let financial market participants perform the job and not to affect them directly by credible policies.

EMA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

EMA - Assignment Example However, the major weakness of the company is skilled labour, they are lacking professional carpenters, who re-modify the old goods or fixed the defected part of the furniture. So, HR department of the company should hire some professional workers who have capability to do this, and help to beat their competitors like IKEA. The company also should hire some professional trainers, who could train the old employees of the company. The company is also lacking a specialist to develop a good marketing strategy for the company’s benefit. The company should hire a specialist who having experience in this filed and help the company to get out through this problem. The company needs to develop some unique strategy in their all functional department so that the Raft can build a strong image into the market. The organisation culture at RAFT is very flexible. The maverick approach which they follow in designing their furniture requires them to have a casual approach towards the organisation. Mick’s realises that his company will not be the next IKEA so he is ok with the fact that they do not have a strict corporate culture. Moreover his business strictly depends on online selling he does not need a strict corporate culture in his company as long as hi products are selling. So the factor which highlights the organisation culture of RIFT is the Maverick approach of doing business. This factor has the biggest influence on the organisational culture since it can showcase the way people work in the company. Raft is dealing with reclaimed wood to make furniture, and there is might possible that the furniture may carry defects. Hence, the cost of wood for the furniture is very low than the fresh wood. Therefore, the furniture which made by the Raft is could be as sort type of used wood. So the Raft should target those customers who are

Human factors in aviation accidents Essay Example for Free

Human factors in aviation accidents Essay As a result of researches that recognized the existence of human factors in error management, the aviation industry also began to take initiatives to reformat aviation organisations. The aviation industry shifted to a more open culture that valued communication and at the same time recognized that human error will always be present but through time and more advanced studies can be reduced further (Sexton, Thomas Helmreich, 2000). Almost all aspects have been looked into. Selection and training processes were raised to a different level. While technical skills were highly valued before, they have been found to be inadequate in dealing with safety concerns. Selection of aircrew now includes processes that determine their ability to learn from errors and to become team players. There also has been a new approach for training – not only the pilots, but the entire crew is trained. There are also a mounting number of interventions that are being tested for their effectivity to modify behavioral patterns that could injure a system’s safety. Because crew resource management (CRM) failure is implicated in most aircraft accidents, CRM training programs, which began as a part of a National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA] program in 1979, began to be widely received by aviation organisations. Now on its 5th generation, CRM trainings for the crew have been conducted by major airlines and even the navy. The CRM training program encompasses many aspects of aviation safety such as situation awareness, task management and communication (Thomas, 2004). The 5th generation CRM programs can be viewed as a tool to effectively manage errors. CRM combats errors in three ways: obviously, the first one is the avoidance of error; the second Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 10 one is the â€Å"suppression† of the error before it happens; and third, the mitigation of the effects of the errors should it not be avoided (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). The focus of the 5th generation CRM is the normalization of errors – whether due to active or latent failures – and the development of strategies to manage these errors (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). Although CRM programs focus on human errors and its effects on aviation safety, it is never entirely a behavioral training. After all, if you recall, a â€Å"productive system† is an interaction of human and technological factors. Therefore, CRM is not to be taken as a stand-alone program. It is meant to be incorporated to technical trainings where the crew has to be adept in the operation of modern aviation technology and at the same time has to learn non-technical skills such as effective communication, coordination and teamwork. Despite the fact that intervention programs like the CRM has been introduced and conducted for crews in major and regional airlines for the two decades, the percentage of CRM failures in aviation accidents remained relatively flat (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). Although initial results of CRM programs have been found to be encouraging such that positive results were seen almost immediately after the conduction of the program, it was soon obvious that such results were short-lived (Taneja, 2002). What could have happened that prevented such interventions to perform as expected? Helmreich Merritt (2000) offers an explanation at least for CRM. First, not everybody responds to CRM training. Some may have become less accepting of CRM after the training. Although attitudes do not necessarily define behavior, it has been a well-known maxim that those who reject a concept are more likely not to follow the principles that it imparts. (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 11 Culture – national, professional and organisational – is also a significant factor that determines the level of acceptance for a CRM concept (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). When CRM was introduced to other national cultures, it soon became evident that certain CRM concepts can either be readily accepted or rejected depending on the national culture. Cultures such as China and many Latin American countries that stress the importance of absolute power and authority of their leaders will necessarily be less receptive to the idea of subordinates questioning the decisions of their leaders, than cultures that are less hierarchical (Hofstede, 1980 as cited by Helmreich, Merrit Wilhelm, 1999). While CRM programs encourage subordinates to be more assertive in questioning their leaders, junior crew members in these cultures are quite disinclined to do this because of fear of showing disrespect. These same cultures are also collectivists who stress interdependenc and the necessity to work together for a common goal. In contrast, American and European cultures, which are highly individualistic, give more value to independence and more priority to individual goals. The value of teamwork and the need for coordination will most likely be readily accepted in the former than in the latter. There are also High Uncertainty Avoidance cultures like Greece, Korea and many Latin American countries that prefer CRM concepts already specifying required behaviors. Cultures that are low in Uncertainty Avoidance tend to be more flexible when it comes to behaviors but have difficulty adhering to standard operating procedures. Furthermore, this kind of culture, along with non-collectivist cultures are more questioning with regards to the usage of automation while High Uncertainty Avoidance and collectivist cultures accept the idea of automation usually without, or relatively less, questions. Intervention programs such as CRM should therefore not be patterned after a single national culture. From the discussion it can be seen above that autocratic cultures can also Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 12 value teamwork and interdependence than non-autocratic cultures (Helmreich, in press). Cultures exhibiting difficulty of adherence to SOPs may be more innovative when dealing with novel situations not covered by procedures. In contrast, cultures who stress strict adherence to rules may find it difficult to be more flexible in new situations. Although CRM programs require behavior modification, certain beliefs ingrained into a culture are quite difficult to modify. If CRM has to attain widespread global use, it has to design programs that are congruent to national culture and yet still enhances safety. Error management should therefore be embraced as a culture in itself. Focusing on threat and error management as goals, training programs should not aim for a total reversal of norms and beliefs but rather for a drawing out of positive behaviors without directly confronting national culture. Many professions, including aviation, have strong cultures and develop their own norms and values (Helmreich, in press). Each culture encompasses both positive and negative aspects. Aircrew for example has a high level of motivation and a strong sense of professional pride. The negative component, which is seen to be universal, is the inability to admit vulnerability to stressors. Majority of pilots in almost all national cultures agree that their decision-making abilities are not hampered by personal problems and that it is as good in emergency situations as in normal situations. Furthermore, most of these pilots have indicated that they do not make errors even while under stress. This â€Å"macho† culture, when left uncorrected, can lead to risk taking, failure to coordinate with other crew members and error. Indeed, one focus of the 5th generation CRM program is to help pilots acknowledge that human error does occur and they are more vulnerable to it if they continue to deny the existence and effect of stressors. As stated earlier, the organisational culture determines the principle of the organisation towards safety. One reason why CRM does not deliver results when it should is Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 13 the organisational context on which the program was delivered (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). Organisations may have a highly evolved safety culture and possesses a positive outlook on safety. Such organisations will most likely benefit from CRM and other intervention strategies. Others react only to safety threats once they are looming while some organisations give perfunctory attention to safety issues without really embracing a safety culture that works towards a highly effective accident prevention program. The current process of investigating errors during accidents also contributes to the apparently limited success of intervention strategies. Most accident reporting systems are primarily technological and have been designed with little regard to human factors. Such systems are on their way to being perfected in terms of identifying mechanical failures but in itself is also a bit of a failure when it comes to assessment of human errors (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). An examination of an accident investigation process may help drive down the point. When an accident due to mechanical failure happens, investigators examine objective and quantifiable information such as that obtained from the flight data recorder. The data is processed and the probable causes of the accident are recorded so that safety recommendations can be identified. After the investigation, the data obtained is entered into a database which can be periodically accessed to provide feedback to investigators. The information in the database can also be used by funding organizations to determine which researches to fund. As a result, intervention strategies are further developed to prevent mechanical failure from happening or mitigate consequences once they do happen (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). Either way, the number of accidents due to mechanical failures has been greatly reduced. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 14 In contrast, investigations of accidents due to human errors produce results that are not tangible and are difficult to quantify. And because the studies of human factors came later than studies of mechanical failures, investigative techniques used in human error analysis are less refined than those used to assess engineering and design concerns. When these techniques are used to analyze accident data, the results are rarely very useful and safety issues cannot be readily addressed. Therefore any intervention strategy designed using this data is not assured of success. Taneja (2002) echoes this concern stating that human errors have been implicated in 70-80% of aircraft accidents demonstrating the very limited success of current intervention strategies and also proposes a solution: a holistic approach to intervention strategies. To date, most researches on human factors in aviation have focused on specific aspects of aircraft accident prevention. Sarter and Alexander (2000) have observed that current researches on human error focus mainly on three key aspects: the development of error classification schemes, the design of error-tolerant systems, and error prevention through improved design and additional training (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Because accident prevention is such a wide field of study, it is very possible that certain aspects have been missed out or overlooked. Error framework also abound as almost every human factor researcher comes up with his own error framework. With so many intervention strategies proposed by researchers and some even practiced in the industry, there have been inadequate attempts to integrate these strategies into a holistic solution. A holistic approach to intervention strategies involve looking at all the possible links to an aircraft accident in order to come up with an intervention that best fits an organisation. Basing on all the links, an organisation must assess in what area their weaknesses lie and determine if these need intervention. The intervention strategy to be used in a certain Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 15 organisation will therefore be customized according the weak links in the organisation’s system. The two links that are directly related to aviation accidents are the aircraft and the aircrew. Although accidents due to mechanical failures have been greatly reduced to advancement in technology, there needs to be constant assessment of the aircraft in general and the human factors affecting the man-machine interface in particular (Taneja, 2002). Intervention strategies that can be applied to aircrew can be divided into two broad categories: selection and training. Ever since the knowledge that human factors contribute to aviation accidents, the selection process have been amended such that the pilots are not chosen based on technical skill alone but more so on their ability to coordinate with fellow aircrew, recognize their own errors and be willing to work with others to deal with these errors. Once chosen, the pilot’s training will have a great impact on his proficiency and possibly, on his ability to avoid accidents. Possible interventions on these two main links can have a major influence on the number of accidents encountered by the organisation. The process of accident investigation, although a secondary link, should also be looked into in for possible intervention strategies. To date there is no benchmark as to the training and expertise a safety investigator must have. In order for a standardised level of investigation to be achieved, there needs to be a minimum with regards to the exposure an investigator must have. The investigative tools that the safety investigator uses could also be subject to an intervention. As discussed earlier, investigation techniques for human errors are inadequate at present and needs further researches in order the reach the level of refinement of evaluative techniques for mechanical failures. The kinds of human errors as discussed by Wiegmann and Shappell (2001) while developing HFACS, are also links that could be used to come up with more effective Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 16 intervention strategies. Furthermore, autopsy results during aircraft accidents, although unable to prevent future accidents, can be used to design intervention strategies that will make an aircraft accident more survivable. Upon carefully assessing the links just mentioned and determining the areas that need intervention, it is recognized that the success of any strategy ultimately depends on the Organisational Safety Culture (Taneja, 2002). Toft (1989) defined an organisation’s safety culture as â€Å"the set of norms, beliefs, attitudes and roles, social and technical practices that minimizes the exposure of the managers, employees and the general public to conditions considered dangerous or injurious† (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Discussed in brief earlier, the way an organisation handles errors and error management strategies depend on its safety culture. A safety conscious organisation will not treat an accident as just another unavoidable circumstance but rather will focus its efforts in preventing future accidents from happening. A careful investigation that searches for the possible factors leading to the occurrence of the accident will be performed. Ideally, an organisation with a highly effective safety culture will aim to plug the hole in the Swiss cheese model before another opportunity for a catastrophe will be created (Reason, 1990 as cited by Taneja, 2002). Even organisations that have a sound safety culture however can still be plagued by errors caused by human limitations such as fatigue, severe workloads, inadequate training, poorly-maintained equipment and errors caused by the air traffic control which would consequently affect the aircrew and the organisation. Even if the organisation has tried to remove every conceivable active and latent failure, chance errors can still take place (Heimrich Merritt, 2000). But every organisation is bound to have a loophole. Thus, constant monitoring of all aspects in the organisation , whether directly related to safety or not, is essential. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 17 Because errors can arise from a variety of sources, any single intervention strategy, such as the CRM must not be taken as a panacea for eliminating error. CRM is only a tool that organisations use to perform error management. All intervention strategies have its limitation – the effects it will have on an organisation depends on the national culture, the strengths and weaknesses of the professional culture, and the organisational safety culture. Furthermore, the way the people at the frontline perceive the intervention strategy will affect the outcome of such a strategy. In summary, the study of human factors affecting aircraft accidents has fostered an abundance of researches in this field. With the conception of CRM almost three decades ago, numerous error frameworks and intervention strategies have been proposed and used. Unfortunately, such a plethora of studies have not created a significant reduction on human error-related aircraft accidents. Presumably because it is still a relatively young field, the researches need more focus and the intervention strategies need more refinement. Intervention strategies have to address differences in national, professional and organisational culture. It is also important that intervention strategies be customized to a certain organisation to ensure a greater amount of success. With the continuous development and improvement of researches in this field, there will bound to be a breakthrough in time, and the success that has long been sought will finally be at hand. Human Factors in Aviation 18. References Helmreich, R. L. (in press). Culture, threat and error: Assessing system safety. In Safety in Aviation: The Management Commitment: Proceedings of a Conference. London: Royal Aeronautical Society.Retrieved October 2, 2007 from http://homepage. psy. utexas. edu/HomePage/Group/HelmreichLAB/Publications/pubfiles/Pub257. pdf. Helmreich, R. L. Merritt, A. C. (2000). Safety and error management. The role of Crew Resource Management. In B. J. Hayward and A. R. Lowe (Eds. ), Aviation Resource Management. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 107-119. Helmreich, R. L. Merritt, A. C. Wilhelm, J. A. (1999). The evolution of Crew Resource Management training in commercial aviation. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9(1):19-32. Reason, J. (2000). Human error: Models and management. BMJ, 320(7237): 768-770. Sexton, J. , Thomas, E. J. Helmreich, R. L. (2000). Error, stress and teamwork in medicine and aviation: cross sectional surveys. BMJ, 320:745-749. Taneja, N. (2002). Human factors in aircraft accidents: A holistic approach to intervention strategies. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from www. humanfactors. uiuc. edu/ReportsPapersPDFs/humfac02/tanejahf02. pdf. Thomas, M. J. W. (2004). Error management training: Defining best practice. ATSB Aviation Safety Research Grant Scheme Project 2004/0050. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from www. atsb. gov. au/publications/2004/pdf/error_management_training_best_practice. pdf. Wiegmann, D. A. Shappell, S. A. (2003). A human error approach to aviation accident analysis. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 19 Wiegmann, D. A. Shappell, S. A. (2001 February). A human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System [HFACS]. Office of Aviation Medicine. Retrieved October 2, 2007 from www. hf. faa. gov/docs/508/docs/cami/0103. pdf.

Comparing The Flea and Valentine Essay -- John Donne Sex Carol Ann Duf

Comparing The Flea and Valentine "The flea" is a metaphysical poem about a man trying to argue a virgin into bed to have sexual intercourse with him. This poem was most likely written to amuse the readers and probably more for a larger male audience. The poem was written in the late 17th century in a period where sex within marriage was like a household chore, but socially, sex before marriage was like a sin, because society was extremely religious. John Donne is attempting to get these thoughts out of her head and persuade her to have sex with him. Metaphysical poets use a lot of elaborate and extended comparisons. They wrote energetic and vigorous poems that went against the common literature of the time. There are three stanzas in the poem; all 9 lines each, making it a regular stanza and rhyming form. Each stanza consists of three rhyming couplets and one rhyming triplet. The first stanza is strong and persuasive and is the introduction to the poem. In this stanza he makes the girl look at the flea. "Mark but this flea, and mark in this" "How little that which thou deniest me is" With the flea being the title, introducing the word flea into the first line of the poem gets straight into the poem. There is no build up; it is just like a conversation with Donne talking to the girl. He also implies that such a little thing like virginity should not deny them of making love. The girl may seem offended by this, but it does not stop John Donne. He tries to make the girl feel stuck together with him and that they are as one. "It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee" "And in this flea our two bloods mingled be" The two bloods mixing together like sexual intercourse. During sexual inter... ... times. I don't feel it was a very good way to go about telling someone of the love that you hold for them. The part of "The Flea" which I enjoyed the most is where he used religious imagery to seduce the girl. If he hadn't had used that then I don't think that his plan would've worked. Also, the quick way in which he changed his view on the argument after the girl killed the flea was very sharp in my opinion and sly and cunning. I think that Carol Ann Duffy's poem was all about showing your love in very definitive ways and not just with cards and chocolate, but with something that actually means something. I think that it would appeal more to the female of the species, and the flea would appeal more to the male of the species. Metaphysical poetry appeals to me, and so does John Donne and I would expect that many of his poems were similar to this.

Arithmetic Mean and Life Satisfaction

PART A: i) Male: Female: The mean value of life satisfaction for male is about 7. 7459 while for female is 7. 7101, which proves there is no significant different life satisfaction between male and female, thus gender does not affect life satisfaction a lot. But when it comes to sample variance, for male is 2. 5684 while for female is 3. 0081. From this pair of figures it is obvious that the life satisfaction for female is more flexible than male. Man’s life satisfactions are easy to be affected by other variables. I assume â€Å"GENDER† does not affect life satisfaction. ii) Not alone: Alone:The mean value of satisfaction for those who is not alone is about 7. 8055 meanwhile the figure for those who live alone is 7. 32584. There is a big gap between these two data, which implies that â€Å"ALONE† have a significant impact on people life satisfaction. Additionally, sample variance for alone is much higher than for not alone, which implies other variables affect p eople who live alone severely and affect people not alone a little. I assume â€Å"ALONE† affects â€Å"LIFESAT† vitally, since people feel happier when they are accompanied by others but for those who are alone are easy to feel lonely and sad. iii) Income 1: Income 6:The average life satisfaction for people with income level 1 is 7. 4426 while for people with income level 6 is 8. 2069, which means people with high income are more satisfy with their life than those with low income. Furthermore, the sample variance for income 1 is 4. 37941 while for level 6 is only 0. 74138, which tells that people with relatively high income enjoys a relatively stable high life satisfaction. Personally, I reckon that people with high income are happier than those with low income, as they are more capable to purchase what they like which makes people satisfy with their lives. PART B: i) Y=7. 746-0. 036X (gender)For gender, the ? 2 is -0. 036 which means gender has negative relationship with satisfaction. And 0 represents male while 1 means female. Thus when other factors are the same, life satisfaction of female is slightly less than man. The result is not exactly what I have supposed. My prior assumption is ? 2 should be zero in this circumstance. ii) Y=7. 360+0. 008X (age) From this function, age has a positive linear relationship with life satisfaction. As people grow old, they tend to be more satisfied with their life. ?2 is a little bit different from what I expected, as I suppose ? 2 should be a bigger positive number than it is.I reckon that as people grow old they might be easy to feel satisfied about life. For young people they are more likely to be ambitious and do not feel enough about what they have. iii) Y=7. 805-0. 480X (alone) Alone has a negative relationship with life satisfaction, it means people who are alone have less life satisfaction than those accompanied by others. The result is in accordance with what I expected. iv) Y=7. 300+0. 174X (inco me) ?2 is 0. 174 which means as income increase by 1 unit life satisfaction will go up by 0. 174. The more people earned the more satisfied they feel about their life.The result is correspondent with what I expected. PART C: Estimated sample regression function: Yhat=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 PART D: i) Y=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 =6. 4981-0. 0094*0-0. 0005*50+0. 0497*0+0. 0170*26-0. 3975*1+0. 1986*3 =7. 1134 ii) Y=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 =6. 4981-0. 0094*0-0. 0005*50+0. 0497*0+0. 0170*35-0. 3975*0+0. 1986*3 =7. 6639 PART E: Setting religion as another independent variable, â€Å"0† represents no religion and â€Å"1† means having religion.In my opinion, when other variables remains stable people with religion compared with people without religion are more satisfied with their lives, since people with religion have spiritual sustenance. Hours spend on sleep every week can also be set as another independent variable (0? X? 168). I suppose that people who spent more time on sleep will be happier than those got less time on sleep. PART F: Coefficients as calculated in part c: Yhat=6. 4981-0. 0094X1-0. 0005X2+0. 0497X3+0. 0170X4-0. 3975X5+0. 1986X6 SSE=(Y-YHAT)^2 One example for made up coefficients: As I change the portfolio of coefficient, the new sum of squared residuals ever lower than the original SSE. The coefficients we got by applying the OLS model contributes to the most minor sum of squared residuals. PART G: i) H0: ? 1=0 H1: ? 1? 0 Test statistic: T= (6. 49806173672354-0)/ 0. 199293520416749= 32. 6054842281637 With ? =0. 1. From the t table, value of t with 10% level of significance and (n-7=1660-7=1653) d. f. , the critical value of t is |tc|=1. 645 With ? =0. 05. |tc|=1. 960 With ? =0. 01. |tc|=2. 576 |t|=32. 605>| tc| Reject H0 at 10%, 5%, and 1% level of significant. Therefore ? 1 is significant different from 0 at all these three level. ii) H0: ? 2=0 H1: ? 2? 0 Test statistic:T=(-0. 0094153888009149-0)/ 0. 00475949120927804= -1. 97823430844052 |t|=|-1. 97823430844052|=1. 97823430844052 |t0. 95, 1653|

Architecture in the Early and Late Medieval Periods Free Essay Example, 2250 words

In England, the most distinctive characteristic of their cathedrals is their extreme length and an internal emphasis which is on the horizontal that was emphasized visually more than the vertical lines. The windows were designed to become very large, with slimmer stone mullions. This allowed for greater scope for stained glass craftsmen. The windows mullions were carried vertically up into window s arch molding. The upper part was subdivided by additional transoms and mullions forming rectangular compartments that referred to as panel tracery. The vault was designed in a way that it produced intricate multipartite lierne vaults that culminated in the fan vault. All English cathedrals had an extraordinary level of stylistic diversity compared to the Italian, French and German cathedrals. In England, every part of the buildings may have been built in a different century and style, yet there was no attempt to come up with stylistic unity. Unlike the French cathedrals, the English cathe drals sprawled across their sites, with double transepts strongly projecting. In relation to the west front, the doors were not as conspicuous like in the French cathedrals. The usual congregational entrance was through a side porch. We will write a custom essay sample on Architecture in the Early and Late Medieval Periods or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page