My Brothers Departure free essay sample

Before my sibling and I split separated, we were in a similar school. Now and again, I would gloat to my companions that I have a greater sibling in the hight school zone. Now and again, my companions were envious of that and get some information about my sibling. Others well, they had a greater sibling and they would now and then ask me â€Å"Is your sibling truly comparable to you say he is†. I would answer â€Å"Not truly, yet it makes me look cool doesn’t it†. As I was glad for my sibling at school, he was truly irritating and could never give me what I needed. I abhorred him at home. I was left with him for the initial 10 years of my life. He would battle with me, bother me, and numerous other upsetting activities. He could never let me watch the TV. Not even on Fridays, which was the point at which my preferred kid's shows were playing. We will compose a custom article test on My Brothers Departure or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He wouldn’t even let me watch him game. There was this once when I was watching him play something many refer to as World Of Warcraft. At the point when I squeezed something since I was exhausted, he was extremely frantic. He conveyed me up and put me outside the room. Afterward, I understood I detached him from the server and he lost something that took him 3 hours to get. I felt somewhat upset for him, however he was my sibling, who cares right? At the point when I previously discovered that my sibling was leaving, I was so upbeat and loaded up with vitality I could run for quite a long time ceaselessly. From that point on, I went to class feeling better and educators would every so often ask me for what valid reason I’m in such a positive state of mind. I mentioned to them what I thought. They said I was youthful, uninformed, and idiotic in manners. Around then, I didn’t even realize what some of them implied. Much after I didn’t feel or believe that path until quite a while after. Following a couple of months when the real day sought my sibling to leave, I was crushed. I had felt nothing like it. It was the most grounded feeling I had ever felt. The inclination is and will consistently be indefinable with words, it’s something that you need to understanding to comprehend . My affections for my sibling had changed from â€Å"I abhor you, escape from me† to â€Å"Why would you say you are leaving? If it's not too much trouble don’t go, I’ll be the most delightful individual on the planet, if that’s what it takes†. For all the years he was in college, the more I considered him, the more grounded the feeling felt. At the point when it was the ideal opportunity for my sibling to return for excursion, I felt extremely cheerful. In any case, something very similar occurred, sooner or later after he returned, I wished he’d never returned. He transformed into the irritating trouble I knew when I was a kid once more. For what reason is it like this?

Feminism in Braided Lives :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Women's liberation in Braided Lives Marge Piercy is notable for her women's activist perspectives and mentalities all through her books. Twisted Lives is no special case. The epic follows Piercy's example of women's activist composition. The characters in the novel are casualties of society's wrongdoings towards ladies. The hero, Jill, manages numerous issues including assault and premature birth. Because of her own encounters with these issues, it turns into her enthusiasm to help other people in a similar circumstance. Jill continually endeavors to be in charge of her own life; this battle is another feature of the women's activist development. The objective of the novel is to "make its perusers give more consideration to the present assault on lawful fetus removal, and make them increasingly anxious to safeguard the endangered additions of the ladies' movement" (Pollitt 378). Jill and her female associates experience numerous troublesome circumstances including assault. At age 14, Jill is assaulted by her sweetheart Freddie. This happens when Jill is first finding her own sexuality and what her identity is. This experience affects Jill into adulthood. In the novel, she talks about this experience four years after the fact, when she is getting ready to leave for school. Jill reviews this occasion in distinctive detail. I see his face hard and furious and I recall the dread that grasped me on the kitchen floor when I understood he wasn't going to tune in to my firm noisy nos that time. Dread jerked me fiercely... (30). Jill's cousin and flat mate, Donna, is brutally assaulted by a townie. Donna comes to Jill after the assault has occurred. She has been beaten both truly and inwardly. Piercy portrays the assault and the consequence of the assault in extraordinary detail. devoting a few pages to depicting the terrible demonstrations. Jill won't walk out on Donna and medical attendants her back to wellbeing. Jill willingly volunteers to shield and secure Donna against the man who assaulted her. This is only one of commonly in which Jill guards and ensures her female companions against society for the duration of Braided Lives. Battling for a lady's appropriate for a premature birth turns into Jill's energy throughout everyday life. This is her very own consequence encounters and those of her companions. When Jill is a green bean in school she gets pregnant by her beau. Nor is prepared for the obligation of marriage or a kid.

Professional development for strategic managers Essay

Proficient advancement for key supervisors - Essay Example An individual must, obviously, continue the entirety of the commanded scholastic gifts related with the whole business esteem chain, including essential information on key arranging, execution, control and assessment. Further, the individual looking for the job of key chief must relate to social issues, the outside condition identified with partners/investors and shopper request, just as the crucial abilities that are given by sociological and mental educational programs. Outside of these scholastics based learnings are progressively mind boggling understandings of the self as it identifies with passionate knowledge, persuasive elements that drive objective fulfillment and learning, just as having a viable comprehension of character builds and learning style. There are endless scholars that can portray the frameworks perspective on the key administration process, anyway transposing hypothesis to down to earth application in reality business condition requires a capable mix of informa tion and self-comprehension. The report features writing in regards to explicit parts of making progress in the job of vital supervisor, enhanced by a frank self-examination of aptitudes improvement and abilities so as to decide qualities versus shortcomings in need parts of abilities related with vital hypothesis and application. The understudy made a pre-set rundown of measures, in view of meeting with significant optional asset contemplates, that would be generally basic for a fair self-appraisal. So as to completely gauge territories requiring advancement, the understudy expected to inspect the auxiliary, relational, social and versatile practices expected to turn into a fruitful vital administrator and pioneer. The appraisal, so as to make a reasonable and need self-improvement plan, required meeting with scholars and contextual investigations including change the executives, creating and assessing quality control frameworks, the psycho-social components of the board and relational relationship advancement, just as different writing on compelling instructing and learning as these are crucial in being a vital specialist. Other than the student’s numerous individual qualities in various zones, coming up next were distinguished as requiring re-evaluation and improvement to accomplish achievement in the key profession job. These include: The capacity to show others in group centered conditions Effective advancement of progress initiative way of thinking Teaching others to survey and break down subjective and quantitative research information Improvement of information with respect to social assorted variety standards Advanced improvement needs in psycho-social learnings for authority improvement Outside of the more auxiliary and frameworks perspective on vital

Assignment Question Discuss The Ways Business Essays - Free Essay Example

Culture denotes the way people lead their lives. Corrado (1996) says that culture has an impact on a persons life which can be seen in his consumption behavior also. For example Indians eat their food with their hands and some of them may lick their fingers too, whereas Chinese use chopsticks to ear noodles. An Englishman on the other hand may not relish his food until and fork and knife are given to him. All this forms a part of the culture which pervades all forms of living standards. As far as the definition of culture is concerned, culture is defined differently by different thinkers. For example, Hofstede (1980, P.21) defines culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from another. Tylor (1871) defined culture as that complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, laws, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Ronen (1986, p.18) sees culture as the frame of reference of individuals, and Harris and Moran (1987, p.102) discuss the mental frameworks which groups, organizations and nations develop. Kluckhohn (1951, p. 86) provides that the fundamental webs of culture constitute a patterned way of thinking, acting, feeling and interpreting. Hofstede (2001) defines culture as software of the mind which provides a guide for humans on how to think and behave Hill (2009) asserts that culture has an influence on conduct of international business and a marketer cannot succeed unless and until he understands the various cross cultural influences which have an influence on demand of consumers in the market. Impact of culture on International business and implications for Multinational enterprises Hollensen (2004) describe culture as the learned ways in which a society understands, decides and communicates. Daniel and Malhotra (1993), contends that culture differs among different countries and without keeping in mind the cross cultural characteristics which may have an impact on consumption pattern of consumers, an international marketer cannot succeed in the market. Thus culture has an important meaning for the international marketer and its implications for multinational enterprises can be understood through a number of examples which highlight the importance of understanding culture for an international marketer. Hill (2009) asserted that culture of a country influences the cost of doing business in a country. Prince and Hoppe (2004) say that a company incurs heavy cost of doing business in a foreign country if it enters the country without understanding the culture of the host country. Hill (2009) demonstrates that a multinational corporation should know that there are d ifferences in work related practices in different countries. For example, there are some cultures which observe more holidays than others. A company entering such a cultural backdrop must adjust the scheduling of labor accordingly even if this involves extra costs. Hofstede (1980) in his study at International business machines (IBM) have identified that an international marketer needs to understand four dimensions before entering into a new territory. These four dimensions include power distance, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity versus femininity. Hofstede (1980) argued that different countries have different scores on the above four variables. In his study, Hofstede (1980) rated twenty countries on a scale of 0 to 100. Hofstede (1980) showed that an international marketer before targeting a country should keep the scores in mind and accordingly formulate marketing strategy to target the market. Hill (2009) asserts that modification of str ategies by an international marketer will result in his success in the market. For example two different economies which consist of Pakistan and Arab countries represent more masculine and collective countries compared with feminine and individual North Europe, and as a result there are also some systematic differences in their values. An international marketer cannot target the countries in Pakistan and Arab economies with the same products as is done in case of North Europe. Hofstede (1980) further contends that culture includes values, norms, religion, language and social class in the society. All these cross cultural characteristics have to be kept in mind by the international marketer before targeting these countries. Hofstede five dimension model is shown below: (Source: https://www.provenmodels.com/files/d616c20f1759b51f1e57bf17ee4cafcc/five_dimensions_of_culture.gif) In 2001, Hofstede expanded his concept of culture by including a fifth dimension to the above four dime nsions. This dimension was termed as Confucian Dynamism or Long term Orientation by Hofstede. Hofstede (2001) contended that the dimension of Confucian Dynamism deals with the aspect of individual countries towards time, persistence, respect for traditions and reciprocation of gifts and favors among the individuals in the country. Hofstede in his initial study has highlighted the fundamental building blocks of culture. Hofstede (1980) contended that culture includes values and norms. Values are concerned with ideas as to what society believes to be good, right and desirable (Hofstede 1980) According to Hofstede; values include the attitude of individuals towards their freedom, loyalty, justice, responsibility and personal relations. On the other hand norms are the rules and regulations which prescribe the behaviors which should be followed by individuals in certain situations. Hofstede (1980) has contended that by understanding the cultural dimensions a company can target the consum ers by providing products which suit to the culture of respective country. There are many examples of companies which have gained success in the market by understanding the culture of the country. Cross cultural issues have an impact on multinational enterprises because they influence the cost of doing business in the country. These examples highlight the importance of considering cross cultural issues which need to be understood by the marketers before framing adequate marketing strategies for targeting the company. For example, Shoji (1991) discussed the case of DeBeers which is a raw diamond supplier in many countries. Shoji (1991) showed how by understanding the cross cultural differences the company gained success in a situation which was deemed as failure. The company ran its advertisement of diamonds in Japan that showed western couples in evening dress which shows the standard mentality that equates diamond with grandeur. The company analyzed that its advertisement is not re sulting in addition of its sales. The company through a thorough analysis of Japanese culture learnt that Japanese woman do not smile and kiss their husbands when they receive diamonds as presents. Instead they shed a few tears and pretend they are angry at their husband for spending so much money. This presented the need for chaining advertisement by DeBeers to suit to the culture of the Japan. The company changed its Christmas campaign and showed a tired wage earner and his hard working wife in their tiny apartment. Upon receiving the sparkling present, she snaps at her extravagant spouse by saying Oh, You stupid! This advertisement was a marketing success, boosting the popularity of diamonds in Japan and showed the importance of understanding cross cultural issues by a multinational enterprise. Another example of not understanding cross cultural issues can be analyzed in the case of Ford (Kwintessential article 2008). The company introduced its new car Pinto in Brazil. The com pany observed that it has very good features but still its sale is not increasing. The company analyzed the reasons and find that its sales does not pick up because Brazilians did not want to be seen driving a car meaning tiny male genitals which was the meaning of Pinto in language of Brazil. The company changed the name of the car and observed that the car gained popularity in Brazil. Cassie (2007) in his article highlighted that even small products like a curling iron are inhibited by language. For example, Clairols Mist Stick forgot that Mist is a German slang word for manure. This resulted in failure of products. The thorough analysis of culture which includes language, religion, rituals and values and norms influences the cost of doing business in the country. Kwintessential article (2008) highlight that culture is the reason why many hotels in the USA or UK do not have a room number 13. Another example is of Nippon Airways which is operating in Japan and it do not have seat n umber 4 or 9 not considered auspicious Kwintessential article (2008). The article shows that apart from language, a company needs to be careful in using images also for the various advertisement campaigns. For example at one place the image may appear to be very attractive but the same image may result in retaliation in another country. It is very common to see the pictures of women wearing bikinis in advertisement posters in UK and US but such images would result in outrage and retaliation in Middle East. Another example of a mismatch between culture and product of a country can be seen in Africa where majority of food products sellers often show the pictures of food in the package because majority of people cannot read English. In this scenario, Gerber introduced its baby food with the picture of a cute little baby on the carton. This created horror in Africa among the consumers. The company has to change the carton to suit to the market. All these examples shows the need of under standing culture before introducing new products, new marketing or advertisement campaigns in a country and the inability of the company to follow this will result in failure of products as well as rise in cost of doing business in the country. An international marketer needs to understand the cross cultural issues apart from just understanding the economic environment of the host country. Culture has an influence on cost of doing business in a country and the failure or inability to understand cultural differences between countries has been the cause of many of the business and product failures. There are many examples of companies which have gained success or failure as a result of understanding or failure to understand cross cultural issues in international marketing arena. Hofstede (1980, 2001) in his model has identified the importance of understanding the various dimensions of culture by a marketer who is entering into a foreign market. In his studies of 40 countries, he has r ated various countries on the different dimensions of culture and has shown that before targeting a new country, an international marketer should ensure that culture of the country should be understood otherwise it would result in failure of product and loss of investment for the company.

Analysis of Managing Employment Relations Oxford Health Care International (OHCI) Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This theory posits that employee self-satisfaction holds the key to a peaceful workplace(Bruce, 2011). Autonomy in performing their daily work is a major ingredient in achieving employee satisfaction(Bruce, 2011). The primary job of management is to create an environment in which employees derive satisfaction from their involvement with the firm(Bruce, 2011). A primary way through which management can create that kind of environment is by ensuring employees influence the way they are governed. Management should also create opportunities for employees to improve their skills. While OHCI MD would like to believe that all the company s employees enjoy the same status, something that should contribute to their satisfaction, there is evidence that the contrary is happening: employees are getting more demoralized and quitting as a result (Anon. , n. d.). As far as employee skills improvement is concerned, the company is doing virtually nothing. For instance, while the company is busy repl acing old computers with new ones, the move is not accompanied with any training. As a result, many employees struggle to use the new machines (Anon. , n. d.). Human Resource Management Theory The essence of the HRM theory of employment relations is a collaboration between managers and employees to achieve the firm s goals(Itika, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Managing Employment Relations: Oxford Health Care International (OHCI) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In the area of communication, OHCI performs poorly; in the past years, there have been only three personal letters by the two MDs addressed to staff.

The Effects Of Media On Children s Behavior - 2434 Words

Definition What is media? Defined by Oxford Dictionaries, the media is â€Å"The main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers) regarded collectively† (Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 1). The media can have a vast array of influences on children whether they are positive or negative. Research shows that despite the positive influences it also raises negative implication ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬s on children’s behaviour, habits and ways of thinking through themes such as violence and aggression, sex, substance use, eating disorders, developmental concerns and school performance. Although the media may not be the leading cause to these problems, research has proven that it is a significant factor (Strasburger, Jordan Donnerstein, 2010). Justification for the selection of this issue According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) an estimated 2.2 million children, in 2009, were reported using the internet and the percentage of children using the internet increased with age, 60% of 5-8 year olds which increases to 96% of 12-14 year olds. In 2009, coming in first, the internet was used by 85% of children for educational activities and then 69% of children used the internet for online games. 48% of 12-14 year old children visited or used social networking sites, and decreasing with age, with 11% of children aged 9-11 and 3% of children aged 5-8 using social networking sites. Source: ABS, Children’s participation in Cultural and Leisure activities, Australia,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On People1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on People Media violence impacts the physical aggression of human beings. 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LivingRead MoreWhy Do Some People Pay Attention?1346 Words   |  6 Pagessome people pay attention to certain models and not others? Why do people imitate the same behavior differently? These are the questions Bandura (1977) attempted to answer in identifying some of the variables that influence the modeling process. Characteristics of the model, for example, determine to some extent whether or not they will be imitated. Models who are more similar to the person observing the behavior are more likely to be imitated, thus girls tend to imitate others of their same gender,Read MoreLiterature Review On Media Violence1461 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review. E. Langslow Trends across research suggest exposure to media violence positively correlates with subsequent violent behaviour In this era of internet connectivity, access to an array of violent media stimuli is readily available. 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Mass media positively and negatively influences beliefs, values, and expands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negativelyRead MoreMedia Violenca and Its E ffects1668 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Violence It’s Effects The lives of our youth are being ruined because of the violence in today’s media. This is the view held by many people in our society today. Many psychologists believe that violence on television, movies and other forms of media have a negative effect on children, while others believe media violence has no effect on children. The reality is that children tend to emulate the behavior that they see in the media they are exposed too. The media can have a powerful influenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior1590 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discus sed the relationship between usage of violent media and aggressive behaviors in adolescentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 Pagesviewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothing new. For more than thirty years this topic has presented itself with more than a thousand

Public Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Development. Answer: Overview Terry et al., (2000) briefly presented the research study clearly in an informative manner of the study designing, study findings that help readers to decide whether the paper is suitable for referring and reading purposes. The issue addressed in the paper is the association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. In people with long-term GER illness, the risk for carcinoma increases by 40 folds in gastric cardia and esophageal cancer. According to Karimi et al., (2014) the incidence of gastric cardia and esophagus adenocarcinoma has risen in Western Europe and United States including Sweden in recent years. Among all reasons, the study highlighted the role of GER in esophageal adenocarcinoma development. There is paucity of data that illustrates association between GER and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma as a previous study showed weaker associations, however, medical records showed occurrence of GER (Pohl et al., 2013). Moreover, several foods cause temporary reflux symptoms where relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) takes place. Therefore, the present study was aimed at determining the association between these foods with risk for esophageal adenocar cinoma or gastric cardia. The participants who were newly diagnosed with gastric cardia (n=313) or esophagus carcinoma (n=216) were eligible for the study. From Swedish population, randomly selection was done for case control subjects after the inclusion or exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 cases of cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and 815 controls. All the participants were subjected to one-to-one interviews with interviewers and a structured food frequency questionnaire was used. The questionnaire comprised of 63 beverage and food items that was used for the evaluation of dietary habits 20 years before the interview. It comprised of frequency of consumption, last daily meal, and average meal size of the seven common Swedish meals. Apart from this dietary assessment, the other exposures include reflux tertiles consisting of chocolate and time of last meal, fruit juice and reflux symptoms studied for regurgitation, heartburn or absent at the time of assessment, severity and frequency. The dieta ry assessment compared the case group with control group and studied how frequently LES relaxing foods gives rise to chronic reflux symptoms among the sufferers as compared to controls. The outcome of the exposure was that there was no association found between dietary factors that cause LES relaxation and adenocarcinoma risk of esophageal cancer and gastric cardia. This might be possible as sufferers that cause LES relaxation might avoid these foods (Sethi Richter, 2017). The outcome of exposure showed no association between LES relaxation caused by dietary factors and risk for esophageal malignancy. The study design is nationwide population-based case control study in Sweden that was studied with 250 and 185 gastric cardia and esophageal malignancy cases respectively and 815 controls. This design is a type of epidemiological observational study where two groups (case and control) groups are identified and comparison is done to identify the factors that contribute to a particular medical condition (Breslow, 2014). In the given article, case group (newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardia) and control group were compared for the identification of dietary factors that contribute to risk for gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of esophagus. The study population was a nationwide Swedish case-control study of age below 80 years who lived between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The case group participants for the study comprised of newly diagnosed patients with gastric cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The control group was selected randomly from the Swedish population register that matched gender and age among the cases. Therefore, after the exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and controls (815) were taken for the study. The main finding of the paper was that there was no association between LES-relaxing foods and chronic reflux symptoms, however, it might have happened due to avoidance of these reflux causing foods among the sufferers. Moreover, there was no association found between dietary factors associated with risk for gastric or esophagus cardia. This finding indicates that LES relaxation in dietary factors and transient GER are not associated with risk of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is no such future study implication, although previous study showed eating habits and consumption of foods with relaxed LES or temporary GER were not related with adenocarcinoma risk of gastric cardia and esophagus. However, the paper findings indicated that dietary factors associated with transient GER and LES relaxation are not related with risk of gastric cardia or esophageal malignancy. Internal validity Yes, the author has studied the confounding variables in this study that might have an outside influence changing the effect of the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the dietary factors and variable of reflux symptoms like heartburn or regurgitation are dependent on it. The results of study conducted by Terry et al., (2000) are likely to be affected by confounding variables. LES-relaxing foods associated with dietary factors were studied in the sample population; however, the subject characteristics suggested that other factors also influenced the study findings. Men were 86% and 83% of the cases and controls respectively. Among the case group, tobacco smoking was higher with gastric cardia or adenocarcinoma of oesophagus as compared to controls that had lowest history of tobacco smoking. In addition, median BMI was higher among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma in case group as compared to control group having low median BMI. Alcohol drinkin g was also more prevalent among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients as compared to controls. This illustrates that these confounding variables are likely to affect the result findings, as dietary factors are not only the variable that increases the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus or gastric cardia. Researchers in their study have mentioned these confounding variables in their study that may have damaged the internal validity of the experiment (Szklo Nieto, 2014). These third variables were no controlled or eliminated by the researchers in the study. In the study, dietary factors that affect LES-relaxation increase the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus and gastric cardia. In this dietary factors is independent variable and increased adenocarcinoma risk is the dependent variable, however, other variables like alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high median BMI are other variables that affected the dependent variable. This confounding variable may have an effect on the risk of adenocarcinoma rather than only dietary factors. The author has explicitly explained the confounding variables in their study explaining the characteristics of subjects in the results. The results are also affected by bias, as there was potential measurement error in exposure as the questionnaire comprised of questions associated with dietary habits of the participants in last two decades prior to interview (Vandenbroucke et al., 2014). The result findings were weakened by non-differential measurement error of exposure. The dietary factors were only studied in the study that fulfilled the research aim and accordingly, the questionnaire comprised of questions about reflux symptoms two decades before interview that assessed the factor with a possible latency period before cancer occurrence. There is possibly limitation of the data collection due to potential measurement error in the exposure. However, this bias was used for gathering data that is relevant to GER that was useful to detect increased risk with reflux symptoms based on severity, presence and duration (Levy Lemeshow, 2013). Looking into the issues and bias witnessed in case-control studies, there is selection, incident, sources of cases and selection of controls. The selection of cases in the study showed that there were more males than females comprised of 83% controls and 86% cases being baseline subject characteristics. Selection bias is a major problem in case control studies that depicts non-comparability between controls and cases. Cases or controls for the study are selected based on some characteristic that is exhibited related to exposure to risk factor (Fithian Hastie, 2014). In the given research study, the cases are selected who are unrepresentative of the general population producing cases. However, case control study is designed to select controls that represent population producing cases. Incident case is another bias observed in this case-control study during a particular period as the cases comprised of newly diagnosed patients with 313 and 216 gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of oeso phagus respectively studied between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The incident cases use is preferential for the researchers as recall of exposure is accurate among the newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma cases for esophagus and gastric cardia (Geneletti et al., 2013). However, it is easy to assess the temporal sequence of intervention or exposure and disease among the newly diagnosed or incident cases. Sources of cases are another issue observed in this study as the sample recruitment is also biased. In the present study, the sample is recruited from Swedish register being population based. The research study is population based nationwide case control study and it has major limitations, as it is difficult to conduct and is more expensive. The selection of controls is also biased as it is an inherent issue in case-control studies (van Rein et al., 2014). The controls used in this kind of study design are subjected to estimate the prevalence of exposure in population that give rise to cases. Hence, the control group is selected randomly from the general population that gives rise to cases. However, in practical, this condition is not possible, as the control group, selection should also be subjected to same exposure status as cases in absence of exposure and disease association (Sedgwick, 2015). For minimizing bias, controls need to be selected from a representative sample among the population from which cases are produced. The controls must have been selected from Swedish population register only as the cases. Exposure and outcome According to Bradford-Hill criteria, the stronger the association between risk factor and outcome, the relationship is likely to become causal (Boniface, Scannell Marlow, 2017). In the given study, there is no relationship between dietary factors causing LES relaxation and risk for oesophagus adenocarcinoma risk and gastric cardia. Another criterion that can be suggested is that risk occurred before exposure that cannot be plausible suggesting there is no causal association between exposure and outcome (VanderWeele et al., 2016). Moreover, there is no consistency in the findings, as the same findings are not observed among different populations. Previous findings suggested strong relationship between foods that cause LES-relaxation (dietary factors) and risk for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia, however, this study showed no association between dietary factors and adenocarcinoma risk. There is also lack of specificity of association where there is no one to one relation ship between cause and outcome. The temporal sequence of association is also not observed, as exposure did not precede outcome where the sample were already exposed to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia before studying the outcome (Marshall Galea, 2014). The study did not suggest any biological gradient association as the changes in adenocarcinoma rates did not follow corresponding exposure changes that are dietary factors being dose dependent (Vandenbroucke, Broadbent Pearce, 2016). The biological plausibility is also not explained in the study, as there was no explanation of any potential biological mechanism. The results showed no association between dietary factors causing LES relaxation associated with gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the findings suggested no association between LES relaxation and risk for gastric cardia or oesophageal malignancy. External validity External validity is another great challenge in case-control studies as it occurs due to systematic error. It is defined as the ability to generalize results to a wider population setting (Allodi Massacci, 2014). The inferences made in the cause-effect relationships from specific study that are externally valid can be generalized to the wider population (Woolcock, 2013). The results obtained in the present study cannot be generalized to other population as the samples are large obtained from single geographic location (Sweden). This is the reason that the conclusions drawn from the cause-effect relationship cannot be applied to other geographical locations. The food avoidance among the sufferers is a possible consequence that narrowed the exposure range. The reflux-promoting foods like garlic, onion and citrus may have anti-carcinogenic properties negating harmful effects of reflex symptoms. Moreover, the previous studies examined the diet factors and risk for cancers, however, the present study only comprised of few dietary aspects that caused reflux symptoms. This can be one reason that the conclusions drawn from the study cannot be generalized to the wider population. However, the present study results do not contradict the pervious results that there is a strong relationship between severity and frequency of reflux associated with risk of gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the results suggest that in the general population, reflux symptoms are not a public health issue, rather a consequence of the adenocarcinoma condition. The response rates of controls and cases are related to LES-relaxing foods that is called recall bias or differential misclassification that explain negative findings of the study. The hypotheses regarding mint, chocolate, coffee, portion size and time of last daily meal are unknown among the public and that might have elicited differential recall between control and case subjects in the study. Although, the response rates were high as compared to previous findings of dietary factors associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a high degree of differential participation in exposure could have cause bias results away or towards unity. The discussion section of the paper is explained beautifully depicting results of the study article lacking external validity, as the sample is not representative in the general population. The sample consisted of population from Sweden with self-reported recurrent reflux symptoms before interview and no considerations regarding low mean basal pressure or dyspepsia. The association between reflux producing foods with respect to gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma is not addressed properly in the study and this is the reason, it cannot be generalized into other population settings. In addition, the time of last meal before bedtime, average portion size of meal were not related to adenocarcinoma risk of oesophagus and gastric cardia. 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